Avery  Architectural  and  Fine  Arts  Library 
Gift  of  Seymour  B.  Durst  Old  York  Library 


PRALL,  LEWIS  &  CO.'S 

A  Rfl  Kfl  ©  y  RO  ©  [1  Efl  [E  Rfl  T  B 


The  form  in  which  the  accompanying  works  are  presented  to  the  pub- 
lic, require  from  the  publishers  a  few  words  of  explanation 

There  had  long  been  wanting  a  work  of  character  as  a  vehicle  to  mer- 
chants and  manufacturers  of  more  permanent  announcements  than  are 
to  be  met  with  in  the  columns  of  daily  newspapers,  as  well  as  a  refer- 
ence work  for  purchasers.    To  supply  this  vacuum  was  the  design  of  the 

AMERICAN  ADVERTISER. 

A  most  naturaland  reasonable  prejudice  existed  against  advertising 
works,  from  the  fact'  that  many  such  works  had  sprung  into  existence 
for  a  season,  and,  after  deceiving  the  public,  disappeared.  It  was  there- 
fore, perceived  that  some  plan  must  be  devised  to  elevate  the  character 
of  such  a  work,  and  ensure  its  wide  circulation  in  the  community.  The 
method  adopted  was  the  regular  publication  of  the  American  Advertiser 
in  connection  with  some  standard  statistical  work  or  some  publication 
of  general  mercantile  interest.  The  publishers  have  accordingly  entered 
into  arrangements  by  which  they  have  bound  and  will,  for  the  present, 
continue  to  bind  each  edition  of  the  American  Advertiser  with 

"New- York:  Past,  Present  and  Future," 

Satisfied  that  no  publication  is  more  appropriate  or  calculated  to  have  a 
wider  circulation  among  those  classes  whom  it  is  designed  to  reach  than 
this  work  of  Mr.  Belden,  which,  beyond  question,  presents  statistical 
details  in  a  more  popular  and  attractive  form  than  any  previous  work. 
The  two  works  bound  together  are  not  only  circulated  by  sale,  but 
Hotels  and  other  Public  Places  throughout  the  Union 
Are  supplied  with  copies  gratuitously,  according  to  the  terms  of  the  pros- 
pectus inserted  hereafter.  This  undertaking  has  met  with  the  most 
cordial  approbation  on  the  part  of  the  mercantile  community,  and  the 

AMERICAN  ADVERTISER 

HAS  BECOME  A 

COMPLETE  REFERENCE-BOOK  FOR  PURCHASERS, 

Containing  the  Cards  of  Merchants  and  Manufacturers  in  every  line  ot 

business. 

PRALL,  LEWIS  &  CO.,  Publishers. 

76  TCcissan-st.,  Ncw-York»« 


NOTICES  OF  THE  PRESS. 


The  Publishers  desire  to  present  the  following 

EXTRACTS   FROM  NOTICES 

OF  REVIEWS  &  NEWSPAPERS. 


American  Review,  Jlarch.  i  550. 
Iu  this  work,  Mr.  Belden  has  furnished  the  traveler  in  New- York  a 
full  statistical  account  of  everything  noticeable  in  the  great  metropolis 
It  is  a  complete  and  satisfactory  stranger's  gnide.  One  half  of  the  vol- 
ume is  occupied  by  advertisements,  directing  the  stranger  to  the  best 
stores  and  wholesale  business  establishments.  The  work  is  illustrated 
I  f  - :  lendid  steel  engravings  of  the  principal  buildings,  and  has  an  ex- 
cellent map  of  the  city.  Mr.  Belden's  opportunities  for  the  preparation 
of  such  a  work,  have  been,  to  oar  certain  knowledge,  at  least  equal  to 
those  of  any  of  our  citizens-. 

Democratic  Review,  Feb.  1S50. 

The  materials  for  this  work  have  been  deiived  from  official  sources 
particularly  from  the  records  and  documents  of  the  city,  which  were 
placed  by  public  act  of  the  Common  Council  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Author,  in  April  last.  It  is  illustrated  with  fine  steel  engravings  of  the 
most  prominent  public  buildings  in  the  metropolis,  and  contains  a  large 
amount  of  valuable  matter. 

JYV:.:--r,--':  Jtuy-.a!  o*  C:>:imer:e}  Dec.  2C\  1549. 
While  supervising  the  construction  of  the  Model  of  New- York,  Mr 
Belden  had  occasion  to  collect,  in  connection  with  that  enterprise,  a  vast 
number  of  statistical  details,  all  of  which  may  be  styled  new  ;  because, 
of  the  statistics  previously  printed,  the  inaccuracy  was  glaring  when 
compared  with  those  thus  obtained,  not  from  guide  books  and  gazetteers, 
but  from  original  and  cnicial  sources  ;  and  because  of  a  large  proportion 
of  the  subjects  investigated,  no  statistics  had  up  that  time  ever  been 
compiled  and  published.  The  author  perceived,  therefore,  that  he  had 
collected  to  his  hands,  in  great  part,  the  most  reliable  materials  for  an 
historical  and  descriptive  account  of  the  city,  and  he  was  thus  encourag- 
ed to  renewed  effort  to  perfect  so  valuable  a  collection.  To  this  labor  Mr 
Be'den  has  assiduously  devoted  several  years,  and  has  so  far  accomplish 
ed  his  task,  as  to  be  enabled  to  present  to  the  public  an  epitome  of  the 
work  he  has  in  preparation,  which  comprises  a  succinct  historical  sketch 
of  the  city,  a  description  of  its  present  condition,  and  an  estimate  of  its 
future  increase.  In  respect  to  the  present  condition  of  New- York,  the 
volume  now  before  us  appears  to  contain  all  that  is  desirable  pertaining 


NOTICES  OF  THE  PRESS. 


3 


to  a  description  of  the  city  and  its  numerous  objects  of  rational  curiosity 
and  interest,  its  population,  government  trade  and  commerce,  moral 
and  religious  condition,  institutions  of  education  and  for  benevolent  ob- 
jects, its  facilities  for  the  cultivation  of  science,  literature,  and  art,  flee. 
The  chapter  devoted  to  a  consideration  of  the  causes  of  its  prosperity, 
and  estimates  of  its  future  increase,  is  rational,  well  considered,  and 
highly  suggestive.  The  general  appearance  of  the  volume  is  tasteful 
and  creditable  to  the  publishers.  The  engravings  are  numerous,  in 
general  well  executed,  and  faithful  represe:;:e.:ie.:s.  On  the  whole  it  is 
a  work  of  paramount  value  for  reference :  and  to  those  who  become 
habituated  to  its  use.  it  will  seem  as  indespensable  as  an  almanac. 

New-  York  Express,  Jan.  4th,  1S50. 

The  author  of  this  work,  Mr.  Belden,  is  the  gentleman  who  projected, 
and,  with  the  assistance  of  eminent  artists,  complete.!  the  Model  of  New- 
York,  about  which  so  much  has  been  said  by  the  press  in  our  country: 
and  from  the  researches  necessarily  made  for  the  purpose  of  constructing 
the  Model,  he  is  possessed  of  an  immense  fund  of  knowledge  which  he 
proposes  bringing  out  in  a  large  volume  of  which  the  work  before  us  is 
in  epitome. 

Attached  to  the  volume  is  a  new  enterprise  called  <;  The  American 
Advertiser,"  designed  to  fill  a  vacuum  in  mercantile  literature.  The 
plan  of  each  work  is  that  each  edition  shall  consist  of  one  thousand 
copies,  which  will  be  bound  with  some  standard  statistical  work,  or 
some  publication  of  general  mercantile  interest,  and  will  in  this  form  be 
circulated  gratuitously  and  by  sale.  The  plan  seems  a  good  one,  and  we 
hope  it  will  be  successful. 

New-York  Tribune,  February  1st,  IS50. 
New- York  :  Past,  Present  and  Future  is  by  the  ingenious  author  of 
the  Model  of  New- York,  and  contains  a  great  amount  of  local  informa- 
tion drawn  from  original  sources  and  for  the  most  part  from  official 
documents 

Evening  Mirror,  Jan.  11th,  IS 50. 
Mr.  Belden  was  the  projector  of  the  Model  of  New- York,  which  exci- 
ted so  much  admiration  here  some  time  since  ;  and  he  has  presented 
us  in  this  work  with  a  collection  of  historical  facts,  statistical  details, 
and  highly  interesting  particulars  with  regard  to  this  city,  of  the  most 
valuable  character,  and  which  render  the  work  indispensable,  if  only  fbr 
future  reference.  The  records  and  documents  of  the  City,  were,  by  vote 
of  the  Common  Council,  furnished  to  the  author.  The  work  is  embel- 
lished with  some  beautifully  executed  engravings  of  most  of  our  pubhc 
buildings,  and  is  got  up  in  a  neat  and  tasteful  style. 


4"' 


NOTICES  OF  THE  PRESS. 


New-York  Sun,  Jan.  11th,  1850. 

New- York  :  Past,  Present  and  Future  is  the  title  of  the  volume  re- 
cently issued  by  E.  Porter  Belden,  the  originator  of  the  famous  Model  of 
New- York.  Like  his  Model,  this  work  is  very  accurate,  and  contains 
more  information  about  this  great  metropolis  than  we  have  ever  seen 
comprised  in  one  book.  It  is  profusely  illustrated  with  engravings,  and, 
in  addition  to  the  interesting  descriptive  letter-press,  contains  many 
valuable  statistics. 

New-York  Globe,  May  25th,  1850. 

New-York:  Past,  Present  and  Future,  comprising  a  history  of  the 
City  of  New- York,  a  description  of  its  present  condition,  and  an  estimate 
of  its  future  increase,  by  E.  Porter  Belden,  M.  A. 

The  above  is  a  work  replete  with  useful  and  important  statistical 
details,  many  of  which  were  never  given  in  print  before  its  publication. 
Its  statements  are  all  drawn  from  original  sources,  and  there  is  no  statis- 
tical information  given  that  has  not  been  obtained  from  the  official 
papers  of  the  City  or  the  most  authentic  personal  communications.  A 
vast  number  of  pleasing  historical  facts  are  contained  in  the  book,  gath- 
ered from  old  documents.  This  work  is  well  bound,  beautifully  printed, 
and  contains  excellent  views  of  the  City-Hall,  New-York  from  Governor's 
Island,  and  other  embellishments  of  interesting  buildings  and  places 
in  and  around  the  City. 

Morning  Star,  Jan.  3d,  1850. 

This  handsomely  got-up  book  contains  an  immense  amount  of 
valuable  information  respecting  the  Government,  Public  Institutions, 
Trade,  Commerce,  Charities,  &c,  of  this  great  and  growing  metropolis. 
It  will  prove  alike  useful  to  the  man  of  business  and  the  man  of  leisure, 
as  it  is  a  most  interesting  and  useful  directory. 

New-York  Express,  M ay  29th,  1S50. 

The  more  this  book  is  used  as  a  work  of  reference,  the  more  does  its 
value  appear.  No  subject  of  importance  or  interest  to  the  merchant  or 
citizen  is  left  untouched.  It  is  accurate,  concise,  and  comprehensive. 
The  American  Advertiser,  bound  under  the  same  cover,  is  a  complete 
directory  to  the  various  mercantile  and  manufacturing  pursuits  of  the 
City. 

FRALL,  LEWIS  &  CO., 

PUBLISHERS, 
76  NASSAU-STREET,  NEW-YORK. 


NEW-YORK: 

PAST,  PRESENT,  AND  FUTURE; 


COMPRISING  A 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CITY  OF  NEW- YORK, 


k  DESCRIPTION  OF  ITS  PRESENT  CONDITION, 


AN  ESTIMATE  OF  ITS  FUTURE  INCREASE. 


BY  E.  PORTER  BELDEN,  M.  A., 

PROJECTOR  OF  THE  MODEL  OF  NEW- YORK. 

FOURTH  EDITION. 


NEW-YORK: 
PRALL.  LEWIS  &  CO.,  76  NASSAU-STREET. 
PHILADELPHIA   GEO.   S.   APPLETON ;  BOSTON  I   B.  B.  MUSSEY  fe  CO.;  ALBANY 

is   h.  pease  &.  co.;  troy:  young  &  hartt;  utica  :  j.  tif^ny  ;  no* 
chester  :  d.  hott;  buffalo  i  geo.  h.  derby  &  co.;  newark  :  w.  k. 
halsted  ;  Baltimore:  james  s.  waters;  Washington:  w.  m. 
morrison  ;  charleston  :  john  russell  ;  pittsburgh  i  elliot  & 
english'  cincinnati:  bradley  &  anthony  ;  louisville  :  mor- 
ton &  griswold  ;  st.  louis  *.  john  halsall  ;  n.  orleans  i 
j.  b.  steele  ;  new  haven  !  s.  babcock  ;  hartford  i 
belknap  &  hamersley  ;  springfield  :  merriam, 
chapin  &  co.;  portland  !  sanborn  &  car- 
TER ;  Montreal:  benjamin  dawson. 

1851. 


n 


2  lt  T 

1851 

3 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Cengress  in  the  year  1850,  by 
PR  ALL,  LEWIS  &  CO. 
in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Southern  District  of  New-York. 


American  Advertiser  Press. 

7&  Nassau-street. 


ORIGINAL  INSCRIPTION. 


TO 

ALBERT  GALLATIN,  LL.D., 

RESIDENT  OF  THE   NEW- YORK  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 

ESTEEMED  FOR   HIS  NUMEROUS 

POLITICAL,  SCIENTIFIC,  AND  LITERARY  SERVICES 

TO  HIS  ADOPTED  COUNTRV, 

AND  BELOVED  BY  ALL  WHO  KNOW  HIM 

FOR  THE 

VIRTUES  AND  QUALITIES 

THAT    ADORN    HIS    PRIVATE  LIFE, 
AS  A  T1UBUTE  OF  THE 

AUTHOR'S  REGARD, 
THIS    VOLUME    IS    BY  PERMISSION 

INSCRIBED. 


ORIGINAL  PREFACE. 


In  the  construction  of  the  Model  of  New- York,  a  vast  number  of  sta- 
tistical details  were  collected,  some  of  which  varied  exceedingly  from 
statements  in  print,  but  most  of  which  had  never  been  given  to  the  public. 
Tiie  attention  of  the  author  was  thus  directed  to  the  subject.  On  investi- 
gation it  appeared  that  no  history  of  the  city  had  ever  been  published, 
and  that  no  accurate  descriptive  work  had  been  issued  during  the  last 
twenty  years.  The  contents  of  the  ordinary  guide-books  proved  to  be  in 
great  part  plagiarized  from  gazeteers  and  other  works  not  professing  the 
accuracy  of  local  manuals,  and,  where  original,  to  be  grossly  erroneous. 
A  desire  to  present  truth  to  the  public,  has  led  to  the  preparation  of  the 
present  work.  In  the  prosecution  of  the  object,  no  statement  Las  been 
made  that  is  not  drawn  from  original  sources,  and  no  statistical  informa- 
tion given  that  is  not  based  upon  the  official  pavers  of  the  city  or  the 
most  authentic  personal  communications. 

The  author  would  acknowledge  his  indebtedness  to  the  Corporation  of 
New-York  for  having,  bv  public  act,  placed  at  his  disposal  the  records 
and  documents  of  the  city;  to  David  T.  Valentine,  Esq.,  the  clerk  of  the 
Common  Council,  Martin  E.  Thompson,  Esq.,  the  street-commissioner, 
Talman  J.  Waters,  Esq.,  late  controller,  Moses  G.  Leonard,  Ecq.,  the 
Alm--House  commissioner,  and  the  other  municipal  officers,  for  the  cour- 
tesy they  have  exhibited,  and  the  pains  they  have  taken  to  collect  and 
furnish  information  connected  with  their  respective  departments  ;  to  J.  R. 
and  Geo.  H  .  Moore,  Esqs.,  the  late  and  present  librarians  of  the  New-York 
Historical  Society,  and  Edward  C.  Herrick,  Esq  ,  librarian  of  Yale  Col- 
lege, for  having  with  great  politeness  unclosed  the  treasures  of  the  invalu- 
able historical  and  literary  repositories  of  which  they  have  the  supervision, 
and  afforded  to  him  every  possible  facility  in  prosecuting  his  researches; 
and  to  Allied  Terry,  Esq.,  the  town-clerk  of  New-Haven,  for  having 
thrown  open  to  his  inspection  the  records  of  the  neighbors  and  rivals  of 
New-Netherland. 

The  historical  sketch  in  the  present  issue,  (s  an  epitome  of  this  portion 
of  the  work  as  it  will  appear  in  the  regular  edition  now  in  course  of  pre- 
paration. A  vast  amount  of  local  material  has  been  collected  The 
documents  procured  in  England,  Holland,  and  France,  by  J  R.  Brod- 
head,  Esq.,  throw  much  light  upon  the  rise  and  progress  of  New- York, 
and  will  enable  the  author  to  present  many  facts  that  have  hitherto  escaped 
notice.  And  the  services  of  any  individual  who  can  contribute  to  his 
materials,  by  communicating  a  duly  authenticated  incident,  or  by  placing 
within  his  reach  a  document,  which  elucidates  or  illustrates  any  event  or 
principle  in  the  history  of  the  metropolis,  will  be  highly  appreciated. 

New-Yof.k,  1850. 


CONTENTS. 


PART  I. 


NEW-YORK — THE  PAST. 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH, 


Page. 

*  11 


PART  II. 


NEW-YORK— THE  PRESENT. 


CHAP.  I. — DESCRIPTION,  27 

Surrounding  Waters,  -  28 

Surface  of  the  Island,  -  28 

Streets,         -  -  23 
Pavements,  - 
Public  Grounds, 
Battery,  - 

Bowling  Green,    -  32 

City  Park,  -  3? 
Hudson  Square,  or  St.  John'i 

Park,  -  33 

Washington  Square,  -  33 

Tompkins  Square,  -  33 

Union  Place,        -  -  33 

Gramercy  Park,  -  3 

Hamilton  Square.  -  -  34 
Table  of  Public  Grounds,  34 
Table  of  Distances, 

Croton  Water- Works.  -  36 

New-York  Gas- Works.  -  42 

Manhattan  Gas-Works,  -  43 

Sewers,         -         -  43 

CHAP,  II.— POPULATION,  44 

46 


Aims-House  Department.  55 

Fire  Department.  -  56 

Military  Department,      -  58 

Health  Department,       -  59 

CHAP.  IV. — TRADE  &  COMMERCE,  60 


CHAP  III.— GOVERNMENT. 

Buildings  of  City-Government,  47 

City-Hall,  -  -  47 

Hall  of  Records.  -  47 

New  City-Hall.    -         -  47 

Police  Department,  -  47 

Station  Houses.  -  48 

Day  Stations  of  Policemen.  48 

Halls  of  Justice,      -       -  4H; 

Regulations  of  Carriages,  50 

(i        K  porterage.  5l! 

"       u  Cartage,  SljCHAP. 

Omnibuses,         -  53 

Markets,  -  to 


Commercial  Facilities, 
Capital  of  New-York, 
Banks, 

Savings-Banks, 
Insurance  Companies, 
Merchants'  Exchange, 


60 
61 
62 
67 
68 
72 


N.  Y.  Stock  &.  Exchange  Board,  73 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  -  73 
Custom-House,  -  -  74 
Exports,  Imports,  and  Duties,  74 
Business  Streets,  -  -  75 
Steam-Packets,  '  -  75 
Sailing-Packets,  -  76 
Lines  of  Vessels,  -  -  77 
Canal-boats  and  Barges,  -  78 
Propellers.  -  -  79 
Steamboats,  -  -  80 
Ferries,  -  -  81 
Piers.  -  -  Si- 
Atlantic  Dock  Co.,  -  -  82 
Pilotage,  -  82 
Harbor-Masters,  -  -  83 
Rail-roads,  -  -  -  83 
Consuls,  -  -  85 
Post-office,  -  .86 
Rates  of  Postage,  -  -  88 
Magnetic  Telegraph  Lines,  88 
Commercial  Journals,  -  90 


V— MORALS  &  RELIGION,  91 
General  Morality,  -  -  9* 
Churches,    -         -         -  92 


viii 


CONTENTS. 


CHAP 


Reformed  Dutch  Church,  92 

Friends,     -         -  PS 

Jews,        -          -  94 

Lutheran  Church,          -  Do 

Episcopal  Church.          -  95 

Presbyterian  Church,      -  97 

Moravian  Church,           -  99 

B?ptist  Church.  -           -  .  99 

Methodist  Church,         -  loo! 

Roman  Catholic  Church.  101 1 

Universalis  Church,       -  1 

Congregational  Church,  103 

New  Jerusalem  Church,  194 

Unitarian  Church.          -  104 

Port  Society,        -         -  104 

Second  Advent  Church,  104 

Christian  Church,          -  105 

German  Catholic  Church.  105 

French  Reformed  Church,  105 

Cemeteries,           -         -  105 

Greenwood  Cemetery,    -  105 

Trinity  Church  Cemetery.  106 

Rockland  Cemetery,  106 
Cemetery  of  the  Cypress 

Hills,     -         -         -  1M 

Oak  Hill  Cemetery,       -  IGG 

New-York  Bay  Cemetery,  107 

Calvary  Cemetery         -  107 


CHAP.  VI. — BENEVOLENCE,     -  10S 

New- York  He  pital,  -  i'OS 

Bloomingdale  Asylum.       -  1091 

Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution,  110| 

Institution  for  the  Blind,  1 1  % 

Widows1  Society.    -  -  113 

New-"i  ork  Orphan  Asylum.  114 
Leake  &  Watts  Orphan  House.  11 I 

Colored  Orphan  Asylum,  115] 

New- York  Dispensary.  -  116,' 
Northern  and  Eastern  Dfspens-  I 

aries,      -  -         -  11  ($| 

Marine  Society.    -         .  116CH-YP. 

Nautical  Ins- itution.         •  116 

Marine  Hospital.    -         -  ]I7 

Seamen's  Retreat,  -  H7| 

Sailors'  Snug  Harbor.      -  117 

Mariner's  Family  Industrial  So-  ! 

ciety,  -         .  us! 

American  Bible  Societ\    .  us 


Vac.t. 

American  Tract  Society,  1M 

American  and  Foreign  Christian 
Union,       -         -         -  119 

American  Seamen's  Friend  So- 
ciety.       -         -         -  113 

American  Board  of  Commissioners 
for  Foreign  Missions,       -  119 


CHAP.  Vi I. — EDUCATION, 
Public  Schools, 
Columbia  College, 
New-York  University, 
Medical  Department  of  N.  Y. 

University, 
College  of  Physicians  and 

Surgeons, 
General  Theological  Serai- 
nary, 

Union  Theological  Seminary, 
Rutgers  Female  Institute, 


120 
121 

123 


124 

125 
105 
126 


VIII.  — LITERATURE, 
SCIENCE.  AND  TASTE, 

Literary  Institutions, 
N.  Y.  Historical  Society, 
New-York  Society  Library. 
Mercantile  Library  Associa- 
tion. 

Society  of  Mechanics  and 
Tradesmen. 

Scientific  Institutions, 
American  Institute, 
Mechanics'  Insttiute, 
Lyceum  of  Natural  History, 
Ethnological  Society, 

Institutions  of  the  Fine  Arts, 
National  Academy  of  Design, 
American  Art  .Union, 
New-York  Gallery  of  the 
Fine  A  i  ts, 

Newspapers, 

IX.  — ENTERTAINMENT 
AND  AMUSEMENT,  - 
American  Museum, 
Chinese  Museum,  - 
Castle  Garden, 
Exhibitions  and  Concerts, 
Objects  of  Interest, 
Excursions,  -  • 


127 
127 
127 
128 

139 

130 
130 
120 
100 
131 
131 
139 


132 
133 


134 
131 
13-1 
135 
135 
13a 
136 


PART  III. 

NEW- YORK — THE  FUTURE. 


Causes  of  the  Prosperity  of 
New-York,    -      *  - 


Estimates  of  its  Future  In- 
crease, 


140 


NEW-YORK  —  THE  PAST. 


u  Now  turn  your  view,  and  mark  from  Celtic  night 
To  present  grandeur  how  my  Britain  rose.'' 

Thompson 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 


What  race  first  peopled  the  island  of  Mannahata  1*  They  were  ;  but 
are  not;  the  vestiges  of  their  arts  are  the  study  of  the  antiquary. 

Sixteen  centuries  of  the  Christian  era  rolled  away,  and  no  trace  of 
civilization  was  left  on  the  spot  where  now  stands  a  city  renowned  for 
commerce,  intelligence,  and  wealth.  The  wild  children  of  nature,  un- 
molested by  the  white  man,  roamed  through  its  forests,  and  impelled 
their  light  canoes  along  its  tranquil  waters.  But  the  time  was  near  at 
hand  when  these  domains  of  the  savage  were  to  be  invaded  by  strangers, 
who  would  lay  the  humble  foundations  of  a  mighty  state,  and  scatter 
everywhere  in  their  path  exterminating  principles  which,  with  con- 
stantly augmenting  force,  would  never  cease  to  act  until  the  whole 
aboriginal  race  should  be  extirpated,  and  their  memory,  like  that  of  a 
nation  on  which  once  fell,  in  a  high  degree,  divine  displeasure,  be 
almost  blotted  out  from  under  heaven.  Civilization,  originating  in  the 
east,  had  reached  the  western  confines  of  the  old  world.  It  was  now 
to  cross  the  barrier  that  had  arrested  its  progress,  and  penetrate  the 
forests  of  a  continent  that  had  just  appeared  to  the  astonished  gaze  of 
the  millions  of  Christendom.  North  American  barbarism  was  to  give 
place  to  European  refinement. 

On  an  autumn  day,  in  the  year  1009,  a  strange  sight  appeared  to  the 
Indians  that  crowded  the  shores  of  Manhattan.  It  was  the  bark  of 
Henry  Hudson,  then  in  the  employ  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company, 
who,  on  a  voyage  in  search  of  a  north-west  passage  to  the  Indies,  had 
entered,  on  the  3d  of  September,  the  southern  waters  of  New- York. 
Warlike  by  nature,  and  perhaps  foreboding  the  future,  the  Man- 
battce  extended  not  to  the  stranger  the  civilities  otfered  by  the  neighbor- 
ing tribes.  Twice,  during  Hudson's  stay  of  a  month  in  these  waters, 
did  they  attack  the  new-comers;  and  ten  of  their  number  fell  before 

*  This  is  the  name  applied  to  the  island  of  New-York  in  the  journal  of  the  first  ex- 
ploration of  the  river.    Purchas's  Pilgrims.  I II.  567 — 610. 


12 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 


Discovery  of  the  Hudson — Voyages  to  New-Netherland. 

the  superior  power  of  civilized  warfare.  The  vessel  ascended  the  river 
which  will  bear  the  name  of  the  distinguished  navigator  to  posterity ; 
it  descended  ;  and  the  white  man  disappeared.* 

Have  these  waters  ever  before  been  disturbed  by  European  adventu- 
rers? Was  New-York  a  part  of  ancient  Vinland,  and  visited  by  the 
Scandinavians  ?f  Did  the  wanderings  of  prince  Madoc  bring  him  to 
this  portion  of  the  American  coast  Did  Verrazani,  in  1524,  enter 
the  harbor  of  New -York  ?§  Or,  as  is  asserted,  with  perhaps  more  reason, 
had  persons  in  the  employ  of  a  Dutch  Greenland  Company  resorted  here 
as  early  as  1598  to  provide  a  place  of  shelter  for  the  winter  months  ?|| 
Have  the  jealousies  of  the  fierce  aborigines  of  Mannahata  been  excited 
by  former  acquaintance  with  civilized  man  ?  Our  curiosity  cannot  be 
satisfactorily  gratified.  But,  if  the  inhabitants  of  this  island  have  now 
for  the  first  time  beheld  individuals  of  a  new  race,  will  this  be  the  only 
visit  of  the  strangers  to  their  shores  1 

The  Dutch,  having  achieved  their  independence,  and  risen  to  emi- 
nence as  a  commercial  power,  were  not  the  people  to  allow  important 
discoveries  to  pass  unimproved.  It  was  at  once  perceived  that,  though 
the  desired  passage  to  India  had  not  been  found,  the  voyage  of  Hudson 
had  opened  the  way  to  a  valuable  traffic  in  furs.  A  few  months  passed 
away,  and,  before  the  close  of  the  following  year,  a  Dutch  ship  was 
again  seen  by  the  natives. H  A  successful  voyage  was  succeeded  by 
others  ;  posts  were  established  on  the  river,  and,  as  early  as  1614,  four 
houses,  it  is  asserted,  had  been  erected  on  the  island  whose  inhabitants 
had,  five  years  before,  exhibited  so  much  hostility  at  the  approach  of  the 
white  man.**  For  the  next  three  years  the  exclusive  privilege  of  trading 
to  the  Manhattans,  was  granted  to  a  company  formed  for  the  purpose, 
called  "  The  United  New-Netherland  Company."ft  This  company,  soon 
after  its  organization,  fortified  a  redoubt  near  the  southern  extremity  of 
the  island,  which  became  the  central  point  of  the  trade.Jt  Valuable 
cargoes  of  furs  were  procured  from  the  Indians  in  exchange  for  articles 

*  Purchas,  ut  supra.  De  Laet's  New-World.  Coll.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  (2d  ser.)  I. 
389—291.  Van  der  Donck's  New-Netherlands  in  same,  I.  135,  136.  Lambrechtsen's 
New-Netherlands.  Ibid.  I.  84—86.  Joost  Hartgers,  Ibid.  II.  363 — 370.  Heylyn's  Cosmo- 
graphy, IV.  95,  96.  Forster's  Voyages,  332,  333,  421,  422.  Belknap's  Amer.  Biog.  I.  398 
— 4u0. 

f  Moulton's  New-York,  p.  Ill  et  seq.  Bancroft's  U.  S.,  I.  6. 
i  Moulton.  53 — 57. 

I  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  295—300.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  (2d  Ser.)  I.  45,  46,  49.  Comp 
Belknap,  I.  33,  Miller's  Discourse.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  1.24,  25,  andDunlap's  New-York 
I.  12,  13. 

|1  O'Callaghnn's  New-Netherland,  I.  29. 

1T  De  Lae't,  II.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  I.  291.  Lambrechtsen,  Ibid.  L  88.  Belknap,  I.  401. 
**  Plantagenet's  New-Albion,  18. 

ft  Wassenaer  in  Broadhead's  Memoir,  II.,  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  II.  358,  359.  Ogylby's 
America,  168.    O'Callaghan,  I.  74—76. 

JJDeLaet,  II.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  I.  291.  Lambrechtsen,  Ibid.  1.89.  Heylyn,96. 
Moulton,  344.    Belknap,  I.  402,  403. 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 


13 


Administrations  of  Mey,  Van  Hulst,  and  Minuit. 

of  trifling  value,  and  an  alliance  was  concluded  with  the  great  con- 
federacy of  the  Five  Nations  which  was  kept  inviolate  by  both  parties 
to  the  end  of  the  Dutch  rule  in  New-Netherland.*  From  the  expiration 
of  the  charter  of  M  The  United  New-Netherland  Company,"  in  1618, 
special  licenses  for  prosecuting  voyages  were  granted  to  individuals,! 
until  all  the  rights  and  privileges  relating  to  the  commerce  of  the  New 
World  were,  on  the  3d  of  June,  1621,  merged  in  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable commercial  associations  mentioned  in  history — the  Dutch 
West  India  Company.}: 

The  company  did  not  commence  its  operations  for  about  two  years ; 
but,  in  the  mean  time,  several  voyages  were  undertaken,  with  the  ap- 
proval of  the  States  General,  by  private  individuals.  The  subject  of 
colonization  began  now  to  be  agitated,  and  communications  respecting 
it  passed  between  the  States  and  the  company  ;  but  there  being  yet  no 
constituted  authorities  in  New-Netherland,  the  matter  was  postponed. § 

The  first  director-general  of  the  new  association,  Cornelis  Jacobsen 
Mey,  commenced  his  administration  at  Manhattan  Island  in  1624.  He 
was  succeeded,  in  1625,  by  William  Van  Hulst,  who,  in  1626,  gave  place 
to  the  third  director,  Peter  Minuit.  Some  of  the  Company's  ships  had 
visited  the  country  previously  to  the  commencement  of  the  regular  gov- 
ernment, and  new  fortifications  had  been  erected  both  on  the  North  and 
South  Rivers.  ||  But  the  commercial  operations  of  tile  company  were  now 
to  be  conducted  on  a  regular  establishment.  To  the  Director  and  his 
council,  consisting  of  five  persons.,  was  committed,  under  the  supervision 
of  their  superiors  at  home,  the  legislative,  judicial,  and  executive  au- 
thority of  the  colony,  composed  principally  of  persons  in  the  employ  of 
the  association. IT 

The  success  of  the  new  arrangements  was  soon  apparent.  During 
the  four  years  succeeding  the  arrival  of  Director  Mey,  the  exports  were 
valued  at  about  sixty-eight  thousand  dollars,  and  the  imports  at  about 
two-thirds  of  this  amount.** 

The  company  had  acquired  from  the  original  occupants  no  title  to 
the  island  on  which  their  settlement  had  been  commenced.  Attention 
was  therefore  turned  to  this  matter  in  1626  ;  and  the  whole  island 


*  Colden's  Hist  of  the  Five  Nations,  33. 
f  O'Callaghan.  I.  81. 

+  Chalmers  Polit.  Annals.  569.    Hazard's  State  Papers,  I.  121—131. 
\  O'Callaghan,  I.  93,  94,  98. 

!]  This  account  of  the  administrations  of  the  early  directors,  varies  from  all  previous 
statements.  Moulton  and  O'Callaghan,  who  are  the  most  critical  of  any  of  the 
writers  that  have  examined  the  history  of  New-Netherland,  state  that  Minuit  was 
the  first  director,  and  that  he  arrived  in  1624.  The  researches  of  Mr.  Broadhead  in 
England,  during  the  past  few  months,  bring  to  light  the  administrations  of  two  earlier 
directors. 

f  Moulton.  366—369. 

**  De  Laet  in  Hazard,  I.  397. 


14 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 


Administration?  of  .Minuit  and  Van  Twiller. 

was  purchased  of  the  Indian  proprietors  for  twenty-fonr  dollars.  A 
block-house  wis  added  to  the  fortifications  on  the  island,  and  to  the 
station  was  given  the  name  of  Fort  Amsterdam.* 

An  association  like  that  which  settled  Xew-Netherland,  would  not 
overlook  any  opportunity  of  advantageously  extending  their  commercial 
relations.  The  colony  of  Plymouth  had  been  established  for  nearly 
seven  years,  and  no  communication  had  passed  between  the  Pilgrims 
and  the  Dutch  in  North  America.  The  Director-general,  who  had 
received  from  the  Indians  frequent  reports  of  his  Plymouth  neighbors, 
now  dispatched  his  secretary.  Isaac  de  Razier,  to  their  settlement,  with 
a  letter  of  congratulation,  and  a  proposition  for  mutual  traffic.  The  offer 
was  gladly  accepted,  and  was  the  foundation  of  prolonged  and  mutually 
advantageous  intercourse  * 

Thus  far  attention  had  been  given  solely  to  trade;  but,  in  1629,  a 
charter  of  peculiar  privileges  and  exemptions  was  granted  to  all  who 
should  plant  colonies  in  Xew-Nethertand :  in  consequence  of  which 
large  purchases,  in  behalf  of  certain  directors  of  the  West  India  Com- 
pany were  made  on  the  Xorth  and  South  Rivers  and  Staten  Island.  The 
planting  of  two  colonies  followed  these  purchases,  that  of  Zwanendal 
or  the  valley  of  Swans,  on  the  South  River,  which  was  soon  entirel) 
exterminated  by  the  Indians,  and  that  of  Rensselaerswyck.  the  feuda 
rights  of  which  were  eveutually  vested  in  the  heirs  of  Kiliaen  Van  Rens- 
selaer. Disputes  connected  with  this  method  of  colonization  soon  aro-* 
between  the  partners  of  the  company,  the  director-general  was  recalled, 
and  the  settlement  of  the  country  retarded. t 

The  administration  of  Wouter  Van  Twiller,  who  arrived  as  directoi- 
general  in  the  spring  of  1633,  was  destined  to  be  disturbed  by  a  contio- 
ver-y  that  \v?.s  rt-~:  :o  end  until  the  whole  Dutch  dominion  in  Xoitu 
America  should  fall  before  English  cupidity.  few  weeks  after  Lis 

arrival,  Van  Twiller  caused  a  tract  of  land  on  the  Connecticut,  or  F»esh 
River,  about  sixty  miles  from  its  month,  to  be  purchased  of  the  jndia;.s.^n 
which  was  erecte  d  a  fortified  building,  called"  the  House  ot  OooJ  ll^pe." 
Soon  after,  he  learned  that  the  king  of  England  had  granted  cLe  i#  bole 
territory  on  both  sides  of  the  Connecticut  to  persons  who  ,»e<v  sj^eedriy 
to  occupy  it.  His  protests,  as  well  as  those  of  his  successor,  were  of  no 
avail.    The  guns  of  Fort  G::  :  Hope  were  disregarded,  flourishing 

♦  Lambrechtsen.  II.  N  Y  Hi?*.  Coll  .  T.  Pi.  03.  De  L?ct  ILi*  ..  I  Si.i.  Let.  of  Isaac 
de  Rasieres.Ibid.  !I  343     OCailaghan.  I.  1  -  4 . 

*  Bradford's  Letter  Book.  Mass  Hist  Soc.  Coll..  Til  Si.  V.  V  T  ^ist  Coll  J. 
360.  Bavlies's  Pivmouth.  I.  146,  147.  Morton's  New-'it.?  aud  1  Memorial.  fDavis^i 
Edit.)  133.  3S6.  387.  Neai  >  New-Enzhnd.  (2d  edit.)  l2o  lTird!ir  \  t  I.Mrtal.  (S^t. 
aire's  Edit )  I.  138.    Hubbard's  New  Er^land.  99  100. 

w*  Moulton.  387.  399— 407.  413— 416  41  >  O'Callsghaa.  150.  112  121—130.137.138, 
Lambrechtsen.  II  N.  V.  Hist.  C?U.  I.  91.  Voragea  i  De  Vrie*.  Hid.  I  251. 
Acrelics's  New  Sweden.  Ibid.  I  408.    Ferris  s  Settlements  on  tbe  Delaware.  21—23. 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 


15 


Administrations  of  Kieft  and  Stuyvesant. 


towns  sprang  up  on  the  river :  they  spread  along  the  sea  coast :  and  the 
rights  of  the  Dutch  were  driven  nearer  and  nearer  to  the  Hudson  River.* 
The  successor  of  Van  T wilier  was  Willem  Kieft.  Imperious  and 
vindictive  in  his  character,  the  whole  period  in  which  he  held  the  reins 
of  state,  from  163S  to  1647,  was  marked  by  a  series  of  bloodless  and  of 
sanguinary  hostilities.  The  Swedes,  who,  under  the  Swedish  West 
India  Company,  had  established  a  colony  on  the  South  River  in  163S,f 
and  the  English  who  were  constantly  encroaching  on  the  territories  of 
New-Netherland,  gave  occasion  for  a  most  violent  contest  of  words. 
But  in  the  Indian  tribes  he  met  with  enemies  that  involved  him  in  more 
serious  difficulties.  His  policy  towards  them  was  harsh  and  calculated 
to  provoke  hostility.  Twice  was  he  obliged  to  sustain  a  general  war 
with  nearly  all  the  surrounding  tribes.  Many  of  the  settlements  and 
plantations  were  entirely  destroyed,  and  the  whole  country  reduced  to 
the  greatest  distress.  At  length  the  arms  of  the  Dutch  proved  victorious, 
and  peace  was  restored.  But  the  maladministration  of  Kieft  had  been 
brought  before  the  States  General.  He  was  recalled,  and,  on  his  return 
to  Holland,  perished  by  shipwreck,  with  all  the  companions  of  his 
voyage.:}: 

New-Netherland  now  received  a  governor  whose  talents  were  equal  to 
the  station  he  occupied.  General  Peter  Stuyvesant  arrived  as  director- 
general  in  lb'47.  The  commencement  of  his  administration  was  sig- 
nalized by  a  concession  to  popular  rights.  Previously,  in  seasons  of 
difficulty  or  of  danger,  the  people  had  been  twice  called  upon  to  ap- 
point a  board  of  representatives  who,  without  possessing  any  power, 
might  make  known  the  wishes  of  the  people.  §  Now  a  board  of  nine  men 
was  constituted  to  represent  the  commonalty,  whose  opinions  were  to 
be  received  on  important  occasions,  and  who  were  to  become  arbitrators 
in  such  civil  cases  as  might  be  referred  to  them.  The  seeds  of  liberty 
rapidly  germinated  among  the  people.    In  vain  did  the  director-general 


*  De  Vries,  II.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  I.  254,  261,  274.  Lambrechtsen,  Ibid.  92,  99, 
100.  Winthrop.  I  112,  113.  166.  173.  175,  217,  259.  II.  129-  Morton.  172.  395.  Neal's 
New-Enajland.  164—165.  169,  170.  Neal's  Hist,  of  the  Puritans.  (Choules's  Edit )  317, 
339,  340.  Hubbard,  171.  172,  179,  244,  245,  322,  323,  432,  433.  Mather's  Magnalia,  I 
76.    Trumbull's  Conn.  I.  35,  59,  96,  118.  122,  155—158. 

f  Representation  of  New-NTetherland,  II.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  II.  282.  Acrelius's 
New-Sweden.  Ibid.  I.  409.  Clay's  Annals  of  the  Swedes.  18.  Ferris,  35— 39.  The 
assertion  of  Thomas  Campanius  Holm  (\.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  II  355.)  copied  by  many  of 
the  early  historians,  that  the  settlement  of  the  Swedes  was  made  in  1631,  is  entirely 
without  foundation. 

X  Van  der  Donck.  I.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  I.  162.  De  Vri^s.  Ibid.  T.  266—272,  288—293. 
Bancroft,  II.  288—293.  O'Callaghan.  I.  270  -278.  282—303,  312—317.  347,  348.  384.  II. 
34,35.  Colonial  Records,  II.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  I.  275.  276.  278,  279.  Plantagenet, 
19.  Heylyn,  96.  Winthrop,  II.  96.97.  135,  136,  157.  Neal's  \ew-Eng.  194.  Mather.  I. 
448.  Hubbard,  365.  441.  442,  444.  Belknap's  New-Hampshire,  50.  "Trumbull,  138—140. 
"  Simplicities  Defence,"  23.  Force.  Vol.  IV.  No.  6. 

§  De  Vries,  II  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  I.  266.  Representation  of  New-Netherland.  Ibid. 
299,  300.    Colonial  Records,  Ibid.  I.  277.    O'Callaghan,  -I.  242,  243,  283—285 


16 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 


Administration  of  Stuyvesant. — Conquest  by  the  English. 

contend  for  the  full  exercise  of  the  prerogative.  In  vain  did  his  su- 
periors in  Holland  long  oppose  the  wishes  of  the  people.  In  1652,  New- 
Amsterdam,  with  a  population  of  nearly  a  thousand  souls,  received  an 
act  of  incorporation,  by  which  the  government  of  the  city  was  placed  in 
the  hands  of  a  schout,  burgomasters,  and  schepens.* 

In  1654,  the  Swedes,  against  whom  protests  had  been  of  no  avail, 
seized  upon  Fort  Casimir,  and  took  possession  of  the  whole  territory  of 
the  South  River.  This  was  followed,  the  next  year,  by  an  expedition 
against  them  from  New-Amsterdam,  which  resulted,  without  bloodshed, 
in  the  entire  expulsion  of  Swedish  dominion  from  North  America. f 

The  contests  which  it  was  found  necessary  to  wage  with  the  Indians, 
were  far  more  sanguinary.  Two  wars  with  the  Esopus  Indians,  in 
1659  and  1663,  were  attended  with  all  the  horrors  of  Indian  barbarity. 
But  the  aborigines  were,  as  in  all  cases,  compelled  to  purchase  peace ; 
and  the  attention  of  the  director-general  was  turned  to  more  powerful 
enemies  that  threatened  the  infant  state.:}: 

The  English  had  continued  their  encroachments. §  They  had  often 
called  upon  the  government  at  home  to  adopt  hostile  measures  against 
the  Dutch  settlement,  and  the  Protector,  in  the  war  with  Holland,  in 
1654,  had  even  gone  so  far  as  to  send  a  fleet  to  this  country  for  that  pur- 
pose, whose  operations  were  only  suspended  by  the  re-establishment  of 
peace. ||  English  jealousy  still  existed  ;  and,  in  1664,  Charles  II.  gave  a 
grant  of  the  whole  territory  of  New-Netherland  to  his  brother  James,  Duke 
of  York,  who  at  once  determined  to  subjugate  the  country.  A  fleet,  under 
the  command  of  Col.  Richard  Nichols,  arrived  at  Boston  in  the  summer 
of  that  year,  and  summoned  the  aid  of  the  New-England  colonies.  It 
appeared  before  New-Amsterdam  on  the  2Sth  of  August,  and  demanded 
the  surrender  of  the  city  and  of  the  province.  The  brave  Stuyvesant 
would  have  resisted,  but,  constrained  by  the  united  expostulations  of 
the  burghers,  agreed,  on  the  8th  of  September,  1664,  to  articles  of 
capitulation  by  which  the  province  was  delivered,  on  the  most  honor- 
able and  advantageous  terms,  into  the  hands  of  its  enemies.  Colonel 
Nichols  now  assumed  the  government  of  the  country.    The  name  of  the 


*  O'Callaghan,  II.  20,  36-40.59.66,  67,84,  85.89—94,  140—144,  156,  157,  169.170, 
192,  193,  210—214,  540.  Representation  of  New-Netherland,  II.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll. 
II.  309.  Records  of  Burgomasters  and  Schepens,  [.  105,  109. 

f  Acrelius.  II.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  I.  414—418.  Holm,  Ibid.  (1st  Ser.)  II.  357.  358. 
B  Smith's  New-Jersey,  33,  34.  O'Callaghan,  II.  274—276,  284—289.  Clay,  28—30. 
Ferris,  81—98. 

O'Callaghan,  II.  394—401.  407—413,  415—420.  473—482. 

Lambrechtsen,  n  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  I.  94,  101—106.  110,  111.  Van  der  Donck,  Ibid. 

I.  144.   Trumbull,  I.  258.  Let.  of  Stuyvesant,  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  VI.  209.  210. 

||  Thurloe's  State  Papers,  II.  418 — 420,  425.  426.    Trumbull,  212.  219,  220.  Bancroft 

II.  295,308.  ' 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 


17 


Re-conquest  by  the  Dutch.— Local  Interests. 


province,  as  well  as  that  of  the  metropolis,  was  changed,  in  honor  of 
the  proprietor,  to  that  of  New-York.* 

In  1665,  the  city  received  a  charter  from  Gov.  Nichols,  placing  it 
under  the  care  of  a  Mayor,  Aldermen,  and  a  Sheriff.  English  customs, 
during  the  few  succeeding  years,  were  rapidly  introduced,  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  the  modes  of  life  and  the  usages  of  the  Knickerbockers. f 

The  city  had  been  but  nine  years  under  British  rule,  when  the  for- 
tunes of  war  restored  it  to  the  original  proprietors.  A  rupture  had  oc- 
curred between  England  and  Holland.  On  the  30th  of  July,  1673,  a 
Dutch  squadron  entered  the  harbor,  and  demanded  the  immediate  sur- 
render of  the  province.  Their  demand  was  not  complied  with  and 
their  guns  were  opened  upon  the  fort.  Capt.  Manning,  the  command- 
ant, was  ill  supplied  with  ammunition,  but  defended  the  place  until 
resistance  was,  in  his  opinion,  useless.  After  the  surrender,  Anthony 
Colve  was  appointed,  by  the  commanders  of  the  squadron,  governor  of 
the  province,  but  his  office  was  brought  to  a  close  by  the  treaty  of  the 
following  year,  which  restored  the  country  to  the  dominion  of  England.^ 

The  Duke  of  York,  to  secure  his  title  to  the  territory  to  which  he  had 
given  his  name,  now  procured  a  new  patent,  by  which  he  enjoyed  near- 
ly absolute  control  over  New-York  until  he  ascended  the  throne  in  16S5, 
when  all  his  rights  became  vested,  with  new  and  more  important 
powers,  iu  the  crown. § 

The  city  of  New-York  had,  until  this  time,  formed  so  important  a 
part  of  the  body-politic,  and  its  interests  had  been  so  identified  with 
those  of  the  country  at  large,  that  its  history  thus  far  is  almost  th8 
history  of  the  province.  But  the  metropolis  began  to  assume  a  distinct 
character,  and  new  interests,  purely  local,  were  gradually  developed. 


*  Minutes  of  Common  Council  of  N.  Y.,  II.  318 — 323.  Bancroft,  II.  312—315.  Smith's 
New-York,  I.  1-1—33.  Aitzema's  Hist,  of  the  United  Provinces,  II.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll. 
11.379,  330.  Lambrechtsen,  Ibid.  I.  112.  Morton,  310,  311.  Neal's  New-Eng.  360, 
361.   Hubbard,  577.   Ogylby,  169.  S.  Smith,  35— 46.   Trumbull,  266— 269. 

f  Minutes  of  Com.  Coun.  I.  179.  180.  II.  301,  324,  325.  Smith,  I.  40.  Dunlap's  New- 
York,  1. 119.  Ogylby,  169. 

X  The  accounts  of  the  surrender  of  New-York  in  1673.  as  given  by  the  historians, 
vary  essentially  from  the  truth.  The  statements  of  Smith.  (I.  43.)  that  -  not  a  shot" 
was  fired,  and  that  the  fort  was  "  treacherously :'  abandoned  ;  of  Bancroft,  (II.  322,) 
that  ''the  city  was  surrendered  without  a  blow  ;"  of  Trumbull,  (I.  323.)  that"  Manning 
treacherously  gave  up  the  fort;"  of  B.  F.  Butler,  (Discourse,  II.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll. 
II.  34,)  that  the  city  was  "surrendered  without  a  struggle;"  of  J.  TV.  Beekman 
(Proceedings  of  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  for  1847,  p.  102,)  that  "  no  resistance  was  anywhere 
met  with  ;"  and  of  most  others  who  have  described  the  surrender,  are  shown  by  the 
documents  procured  in  London  by  Mr.  Brodhead  to  be  entirely  without  foundation.  A 
letter  written  from  Boston  to  Mr.  Harwood,  represents  that  four  guns  were  fired  from 
the  fort.  Lambrechtsen,  who  says  (II.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.  I.  114)  that  "  the  conquest 
was  made  without  great  opposition/'  and  Acrelius,  who  says  (II.  N.  Y.  Hist,  Coll.  I. 
4*25,)  that  the  Dutch  "took  New-York  by  storm,"  come  the  nearest  to  the  truth. 

^  Bancroft,  II.  325,  403. 


IS 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 


Rise  and  Fall  of  Leisler.— Trial  of  Bayard. — Commerce. 

The  bolting,  packing,  and  exportation  of  flour  and  meal,  of  which  the 
city  enjoyed  a  monopoly,  became  the  most  important  branch  of  trade. 
Dissatisfaction  on  the  part  of  the  country-people,  ensued;  and  their 
complaints  eventually  succeeded,  in  spite  of  the  petitions  and  protests 
of  the  city  authorities,  and  not  without  the  serious  misgivings  of  the 
citizens  as  to  their  future  destiny,  in  removing  the  odious  mono- 
poly.* 

But  important  events  had,  in  the  mean  time,  given  rise  to  more  power- 
ful commotions  in  New- York.  The  tyrant  James  was  a  fugitive.  "Wil- 
liam and  Mary  had  ascended  the  throne.  Some  of  the  inhabitants 
anxious  to  exhibit  their  loyalty,  had  proclaimed  the  new  sovereigns 
They  made  choice  of  Jacob  Leisler*,  a  merchant,  as  their  leader,  who, 
on  the  3d  of  June,  1689,  with  the  approbation  of  the  populace,  assumed 
the  government  of  the  colony.  The  mayor  of  the  city  and  several  pro- 
minent citizens,  though  in  favor  of  William  and  Mary,  opposed  these 
proceedings,  and  finally  retired  to  Albany.  That  town  determined  to 
resist  the  authority  of  Leisler,  but  was  obliged  to  yield  to  a  military 
force.  On  the  arrival  of  a  new  governor,  Col.  Henry  Slaughter,  in  1691, 
Leisler  hesitated  to  deliver  the  fort  to  an  agent  sent  to  demand  its  sur- 
render, and  desired  to  confer  with  the  principal.  This  was  made  by 
his  enemies  a  pretext  for  a  charge  of  treason  against  him.  He  was  ar- 
rested, tried,  and,  through  the  machinations  of  his  enemies,  unjustly 
sentenced  to  death,  and  executed.! 

The  struggles  of  the  citizens  against  the  encroachments  of  the  royal 
governors,  form  an  important  feature  in  the  history  of  New- York.  Twice, 
during  the  administration  of  Gov.  Cornbury,  was  money  embezzled  by 
him  which  had  been  appropriated  by  the  provincial  assembly  to  the 
defence  of  the  frontiers  and  of  the  capital. %  But,  a  few  months  previ- 
ously to  his  arrival,  in  1702,  the  citizens  had  been  inflamed  by  a  more 
fearful  invasion  of  their  rights.  Col.  Nicholas  Bayard  and  Alderman 
John  Hutch  ins,  for  refusing  to  deliver  up  addresses  which  had  been 
prepared  by  many  of  the  inhabitants  for  presentation  to  the  king,  the 
parliament,  and  the  new  governor,  were  tried  for  high-treason,  and  sen- 
tenced to  death  ;  but  they  were  subsequently  released,  and  their  attain- 
ders reversed. § 

New-York  began,  in  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  to  excite 

*  Minutes  of  Com.  Coun.  I.  143, 167-169,243-245,254-256,  260,  261.  372.  II.  58,93-06, 
102,  103,  252,  233,  255,  262-266,  295—326,  345,  349.  Dunlap,  I.  233.  II.  130,  133,  134, 
137,  140,  141,  143,  144. 

t  Smith,  I.  91—99,  109-111.  113,  114,  117—119.  Dunlap,  I.  153—172,  194—211. 
Miller's  Description,  19,  20.  Trumbull,  I.  378.  Minutes  of  Com.  Coun.  I.  344— 
347. 

\  Dunlap.  I.  255—261,  263.    Smith,  I.  174—185. 

§  Howell's  State  Trials,  XIV.  471-473,  516.    Smith,  I.  163-168.    Dunlap,  I.  248-252. 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 


19 


Education. — Trial  of  Zenger. 

much  attention  as  a  commercial  emporium.  The  productions  of  the 
northern  colonies  were  accumulated  in  her  warehouses,  and  shipped 
thence  to  England  and  the  West  Indies.  Her  participation  in  the  West 
India  trade  often  excited  the  jealousy  of  interested  parties  beyond  the 
Atlantic,  but  it  was  not  difficult  for  enlightened  minds  to  perceive  that  a 
trade,  whose  returns,  in  money  or  goods,  were  shipped  to  England  in 
exchange  for  her  manufactures,  could  not  be  disadvantageous  to  the  pa- 
rent country.* 

The  interests  of  education,  and  the  diffusion  of  intelligence  among 
the  masses,  had  been  grossly  neglected;  but  their  importance  gradually 
received  attention.  A  free  grammar  school  had  been  founded  by  law  in 
1702.f  In  1725,  the  first  newspaper  commenced  its  existence,:}:  and,  four 
years  after,  the  city  received,  as  a  gift  from  a  society  in  England,  a 
library  of  1642  volumes. §  In  1732,  stage-routes  to  Boston  and  Phila- 
delphia were  established,  and  the  stages  performed  once  in  two  weeks. || 
A  public  classical  school  was  founded  by  the  assembly  in  1732. IT  With 
the  advance  of  general  intelligence  came  a  higher  appreciation  of  pop- 
ular rights,  and  a  determination  to  uphold  them  ;  nor  was  long  want- 
ing an  opportunity  to  resist  the  encroachments  of  arbitrary  power. 

John  Peter  Zenger,  the  Editor  of  the  New- York  Weekly  Journal,  in  the 
colonial  disputes  of  1734,  took  occasion  to  animadvert  upon  the  measures 
of  the  government.  Copies  of  his  paper  were  ordered  by  the  governor 
and  council  to  be  burned  in  presence  of  the  mayor  and  magistrates  of 
the  city,  who  refused  to  attend,  and  entered  their  protest  against  the 
measure.  Zenger  was  arrested,  and  every  effort  made  to  convict  him 
on  a  charge  of  libel.  The  only  two  lawyers  in  the  city  who  could  be 
intrusted  with  his  defence,  Messrs.  Alexander  and  Smith,  were  excluded 
from  their  profession  for  calling  in  question  the  authority  of  the  court. 
The  people  were  greatly  excited.  The  aged  Andrew  Hamilton  of  Phila- 
delphia, distinguished  alike  for  his  talents  and  his  love  of  liberty,  was 
at  once  engaged  to  plead  the  cause  of  popular  right.  He  was  success- 
ful. The  jury,  without  leaving  their  seats,  returned  a  verdict  of  acquit- 
tal ;  and  Hamilton  left  the  province  with  a  gift  of  the  freedom  of  the 
city,  and  amidst  the  acclamations  of  the  people.** 

*  Survey  of  Trade,  (London,  1718.)  146.  Miller,  10.  Let.  of  Chas.  Lodwick,  H.  N.  Y. 
Hist.  Coll.  II.  244.    Minot's  continuation  of  Hist,  of  Mass.  Bay,  I.  162. 
t  Minutes  of  Com.  Coun.  II.  517,  519,  520.    Smith,  I.  175. 

X  Thomas's  Hist,  of  Printing,  II  94.    Dunlap.  App.  160.    Watson's  Annals,  287 
§  Minutes  of  Com.  Coun.  IV.  175, 176,  191—193,  195,  196.   Dunlap,  App.  162. 
||  Dunlap,  App.  227. 

IT  Minutes  of  Com.  Coun.  IV.  303—489,  passim.    Smith,  II.  3. 

**  Howell's  State  Trials,  XVII.  675,  et  seq.  "  Narrative  of  the  Case  and  Tryal  of 
John  Peter  Zenger."  Minutes  of  Com.  Coun.  IV.  364,  367,  368.  Proud's  Pa.,  p.  219, 
note.  Gordon's  Pa.,  613.  Watson,  287.  Watson  gives  the  name  as  Zanger,  an  error 
he  committed  in  copying  from  the  records. 


2j 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 


Negro  Plot.— War  of  the  Revolution.— Capture  of  New-Yoik. 

Bat  New-York  was  destined  to  be  convulsed  by  a  more  lamentable 
commotion.  For  many  years  occasional  disturbances  had  occurred 
among  the  negro  population.  In  1741,  a  few  fires  and  a  robbery  gave 
rise  to  a  general  alarm,  which,  on  slight  and  contradictory  testimony  as 
to  the  existence  of  a  plot  among  the  negroes  and  others  to  destroy  the 
city,  passed  into  complete  infatuation.  Numbers  were  executed  or 
transported  ;  but  humanity  and  good  sense  finally  prevailed,  and  quiet 
was  restored.* 

The  trade  of  New-York  increased.  Her  ships  were  already  seen  i» 
many  foreign  ports,  and  no  rival,  not  even  Philadelphia,  surpassed  her 
in  the  extent  of  her  commercial  operations. f  Provisions,  linseed-oil, 
furs,  lumber,  and  iron,  were  the  principal  exports.}:  From  1749  to  1750, 
two  hundred  and  eighty-six  vessels  left  New- York,  with  cargoes  princi- 
pally of  flour  and  grain.  In  1755,  nearly  thirteen  thousand  hogsheads 
of  flaxseed  were  shipped  to  Ireland. § 

The  relations  of  the  colonies  with  the  mother  country  were  assuming 
a  serious  aspect.  In  1765,  a  congress  of  delegates  met  at  New-York, 
and  prepared  a  declaration  of  their  rights  and  grievances.  ||  The  arrival 
of  the  stamped  paper,  so  notorious  in  the  colonial  annals  of  America, 
towards  the  end  of  this  year,  marked  the  commencement  of  a  series  of 
explosions  that  was  not  to  terminate  until  the  city  and  colony  of  New- 
York,  in  common  with  the  other  colonies,  were  forever  rent  from  the 
dominion  of  Great  Britain.^"  The  non-importation  agreements  of  the 
merchants  of  New- York  and  other  places,  in  176S  and  the  succeeding 
years,  were  followed  by  stringent  measures  on  the  part  of  the  English 
government.  War  became  inevitable,  and  all  eyes  were  soon  directed 
to  New-York  as  the  point  where  the  enemy  would  strike  a  blow  at  the 
heart  of  the  country.** 

On  the  25th  of  June,  1776,  the  British  army  and  fleet,  which  had 
been  driven  from  the  city  and  harbor  of  Boston,  entered  the  southern 
bay  of  New-York.  The  troops  were  landed  upon  Staten  Island.  On 
the  22d  of  August,  the  British  forces  crossed  the  Narrows,  and  encamped 
near  Brooklyn,  where  the  American  army  was  stationed.  The  battle  of 
Long  Island  ensued,  in  which,  owing  to  unfortunate  circumstances,  the 
Americans  were  entirely  defeated.  Washington,  with  consummate 
skill,  crossed  the  river,  the  succeeding  night,  without  observation,  but 

*  HorsmanderTs  IIi=t.  of  the  Negro  Plot.  1744.  passim.  Pintard  in  Preface  to  Second 
Edit  of  same.  1810.    Minutes  of  Com.  Coun.  V.  13.  14.  19.  24.  40.  51.    Smith.  II.  70-75. 

t  Kalm's  Travels.  (-2d  Lond.  Edit  )  II.  19S— 201,  Bowen's  Geography ,  II.  661.  6S2. 
Let.  to  Lord  George  Germain.  (Lond.  1776.)  7. 

\  Kalm.  201.  Bowen,  661  Burnabv?s  Travels.  63.66.  Burke's  European  Settle- 
tients.  II.  189,  199,  137.  Ibid.  191. 

Marsh-ill's  Amer.  Colonies.  360.  361.  ||  Holmes's  Annals,  II.  137. 

t  Ibid.  II.  155,  156.  **  Marshall,  335. 


HISTORICAL  SKKTCII. 


21 


Evacuation  of  the  City. — Increase  of  Trade. — Misfortunes. 

the  previous  disasters,  and  the  subsequent  successful  landing  of  the 
British  troops  at  Kip's  and  Turtle's  bays,  rendered  it  impossible  to  save 
the  city.* 

For  eight  years  New- York  was  the  head-quarters  of  the  British  troops, 
and  the  prison-house  of  American  captives.  Public  buildings  were  des- 
poiled, and  churches  converted  into  hospitals,  prisons,  riding-schools,  and 
stable?,  and  subjected  to  the  desecrations  of  a  wanton  and  impious  sol- 
diery.f  Casuality  conspired  with  the  horrors  of  war  to  swell  the  misfor- 
tunes of  the  devoted  city.  A  fire,  in  1776,  sweeping  along  both  sides  of 
Broadway,  destroyed  one-eighth  of  the  buildings  of  New- York. £ 

The  British  rule  in  this  metropolis  for  the  third  and  last  time  came  to 
an  end.  On  the  25th  of  November,  1  783,  the  forces  of  Great  Britain 
evacuated  the  city,  and  Washington  and  the  governor  of  the  State  made 
a  public  and  triumphal  entry. § 

The  city  of  New-York,  in  common  with  other  portions  of  the  country, 
had  already  been  declared  free  and  independent;  but  its  freedom  had 
been  nominal.  The  sweets  of  liberty  were  now  tasted;  and  many  of 
those  demonstrations  and  events  which  were  considered  the  precursors 
and  the  pledges  of  those  fruits  of  liberty  which  the  whole  people  antici- 
pated, took  place  in  New- York.  In  178S,  the  adoption  of  the  federal  con- 
stitution was  attended  by  a  most  imposing  celebration, ||  and,  in  17S9, 
Washington  was  inaugurated  in  New-York  as  first  President  of  the 
United  States,  amidst  the  acclamations  of  thousands  of  spectators. IT 

The  restoration  of  peace,  and  the  rise  of  the  new  government,  were  the 
signal  for  extending  the  commercial  relations  of  New- York.  In  ten  years 
her  population  had  nearly  doubled,  and,  in  the  early  part  of  the  present 
century,  her  claims,  as  the  leading  emporium  of  the  continent,  were  con- 
clusively established,  and  all  prospect  that  the  current  of  trade  would  be 
diverted  into  any  other  channel  entirely  dissipated.** 

But  misfortune  was  not  entirely  removed  from  the  metropolis.  Riot, 
pestilence,  fire,  and  war,  were  at  hand  to  disturb  her  peace,  cripple  her 
means,  or  desolate  her  borders.  In  17SS,  the  community  were  thrown 
into  consternation  by  an  attack  made  upon  the  medical  profession  by  an 
infuriated  mob.  The  phrensy  of  some  of  the  people  had  been  excited  by 
an  imprudent  exposure  of  a  portion  of  a  dissected  body.    After  a  contest 

*  Holmes.  245.  et.  seq.  Sparks's  Life  of  Washington,  I.  169.  170,  176—179,  185,  1S6. 
199.    Ramsey's  U.  S.  114— 135.  5      '  ' 

f  Watson,  325.  326.    Sparks.  I.  224.   Knapp's  Life  of  Burr,  42. 
X  Watsoa.  ' 
k  Holmes.  II.  351,  529,  530.    Sparks,  I.  370. 
||  Duers  Address,  22—27. 

IT  lb.  27.  28.    Life  of  John  Jay  bv  his  son,  I.  273.    Sparks.  I.  408. 

Morse's  Gazetteer,  (1797,)  art.  N.  Y.  City.  Dwighfs  Travels,  III  470.  Holmos 
II.  390,  395.  X.  Y.  Spectator,  June  4,  1801.  .... 


22 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 


Prosperity. — Canal  Navigation. 

of  three  or  four  days,  in  which  several  lives  were  lost,  the  mob  was  en- 
tirely subdued  by  the  military  ;  and  the  occurrence  was  signalized  by  the 
name  of  "  the  doctors' riot."*  In  179S  and  the  succeeding  years,  the 
city  was  nearly  depopulated  in  consequence  of  pestilence.  Over  three 
thousand  persons  in  one  year  fell  victims  to  the  ravages  of  the  yellow 
fever.f  Large  fires  took  place  in  1S04  and  13114  But  the  interests  of 
the  city  were  more  seriously  injured  by  the  breaking  out  of  war  between 
the  United  States  and  England  in  1812.  For  a  time  her  commerce  was 
almost  suspended  by  disturbances  on  the  ocean  ;  but  the  enemy  did  not 
choose  to  brave  the  fortifications  that  had  been  erected  in  her  harbor,  and, 
with  the  exception  of  a  slight  apprehension,  the  quiet  of  the  community 
was  preserved. §  These  misfortunes  passedaway.  Various  interruptions 
of  the  public  peace  led  to  improvements  in  the  police  system  of  New- 
York,  until  it  was  pronounced  more  efficient  than  that  of  other  American 
cities. ||  The  ravages  of  pestilence  and  fire  impressed  upon  the  mind  the 
necessity  of  greater  precaution  and  more  prompt  and  vigorous  measures 
in  the  health  and  fire  departments.  And  the  cessation  of  war  opened 
again  the  waters  of  the  world  to  the  commerce  of  New-York.  Soon  her 
sails  wrere  unfolded  in  every  sea  ;  and  the  establishment  of  her  regular 
lines  of  packets,  the  first  undertaking  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  and  the 
introduction  of  steam-navigation,  first  used  upon  her  waters,  added  to 
her  commercial  superiority  over  the  other  ports  of  the  republic. IT 

Improvements  hitherto  had  been  principally  connected  with  foreign 
commerce.  But  a  tremendous  impulse  was  now  to  be  given  to  inland 
trade  by  the  adoption  of  an  extensive  system  of  canal-navigation.  Several 
smaller  works  were  cast  into  the  shade  by  the  completion  of  the  gigantic 
Erie  Canal,  in  1525.  The  union  of  the  Atlantic  with  the  Lakes,  was 
announced  by  the  firing  of  cannon  along  the  whole  line  of  the  canal  and 
of  the  Hudson,  and  was  celebrated  at  New- York  by  a  magnificent  aqua- 
tic procession,  which,  to  indicate  more  clearly  the  navigable  communi- 
cation that  had  been  opened,  deposited  in  the  ocean  a  portion  of  the 
waters  of  Lake  Erie.** 


*  Minutes  of  Com.  Coun.  IX.  65.  Duer.20— 22.  Life  of  Jay.  061,  262.   Watson,  298. 

f  Holmes.  II.  413.  Watson.  Minutes  of  Com.  Coun.  XII.  377,  381,  431.  432.  Sup- 
plementto  Commercial  Advertiser,  Feb.  12.  1799.   N.  Y.  Spect  Sept  7.  1799. 

+  Minutes  of  Com.  Coun  XXIII.  251—253,  262,  274.  351.    Holmes.  II  444. 

$  Minutes  of  Com.  Coun.  XVII.  72,  73,  86,  99,  116,  117,  176,  190,  202,  207,  211,  241. 
XXV.  186, 187. 

||  Dwight.  III.  474.  475.    Palmer  s  Travels.  328. 

1T  Colden's  Life  of  Fulton.  166—177.  181.  186.  Minutes  of  Com.  Coun.  XXIII.  247, 
828,  343.    XXV.  293.    XXVI.  3.  93.  109.  110,  120—123. 

**  Minutes  of  Com.  Coun.  LV.  236,  258,  342.  LVI.  21,  22.  24,  103,  158.  LVII.  284. 
Colden's  Memoir  of  the  N.  Y.  Canals,  passim.  Pitkin's  Statistical  View.  542— 548. 
The  statement  of  Watson,  (p.  138.)  and  some  others,  that  the  canal  was  completed, 
and  the  consummation  of  the  work  celebrated  in  1824,  is  incorrect 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 


23 


Misfortunes. — Croton; Aqueduct.— Comparative  Importance  of  New- York* 

Municipal  history  is  a  narrative  of  alternate  successes  and  reverses. 
For  many  years  nothing  had  occurred  to  mar  the  prosperity  of  the  city. 
But  misfortune  came.  -In  1832,  the  Asiatic  cholera  appeared,  and  thou- 
sands fell  victims  to  the  disease.  This  calamity  had  scarcely  passed  when 
the  great  fire  of  1885'  destroyed,-  iiT  one  night,  more  than  six  hundred 
buildings,  and  property  to  the  value  of  over  twenty  millions  of  dollars.* 
The  city  had  not  recovered  from  the  effects  of  this  disaster  when  the  com- 
mercial revulsions  of  1S36  and  1  S3 7  shook  public  and  private  credit  to 
their  center,  and  involved  many  of  the  most  wealthy  houses  of  New-York 
in  hopeless  bankruptcy.  The  day  of  prosperity  again  dawned  upon  the 
metropolis,  and  the  completion  of  one  of  the  greatest  works  of  modern 
times,  soon  gave  evidence  that  the 'untiring  energy  of  her  sons  had  retrieved 
their  credit  and  their  fortunes. 

The  want  of  an  adequate  supply  of  water  had  long  been  felt  by  the 
citizens,  but  the  completion  of  the  Croton  Aqueduct  in  1842,  removed 
the  inconvenience,  and  left  an  imperishable  monument  to  the  glory  of 
New- York  » 

A  temporary  check  in  the  progress  of  the  city  was  sustained  by 
♦he  fire  of  1845,  which  destroyed  property  to  the  value  of  about  seven 
millions  of  dollars.  In  the  spring  of  18499  took  place  a  fearful  riot  con- 
nected with  a  theatrical  dispute,  in  which  twenty-three  lives  were  lost. 
The  summer  of  the  same  year  was  marked  by  an  apprehension  of 
the  ravages  of  the  cholera,,  but  comparatively  few  deaths  occurred. 

Such  is  the  brief  sketch  of  the  rise  and  progress  of  the  city  that  holds 
the  first  rank  in  the  Western  World,  and  is  but  the  second,  in  commercial 
importance,  on  the  globe.  While  the  settlement  of  other  cities  of  America 
received  an  impulse  from  religious  or  political  intolerance  abroad,  the 
foundations  of  New- York  were  laid  on  the  hopes  of  commercial  gain. 
While  other  cities  sprung  up  and  prospered  under  the  vigorous  manage- 
ment of  those  who  had  transferred  to  the  wilderness  their  homes,  their 
fortunes  and  their  liberty,  New- York  languished  under  the  neglect  and 
mismanagement  of  a  foreign  corporation.  While  other  cities  rapidly  ad- 
vanced under  the  chartered  rights  of  provinces,  New- York  was  forced  to 
maintain  a  servile  dependence  on  the  crown.  While  other  cities  pursued 
a  comparatively  uninterrupted  course,  New-York  was  often  the  theater  of 


*  This  estimate  is  higher  than  that  of  most  statements,  but  accords  with  the  opinion 
of  those  conversant  with  the  circumstances.  The  amount  of  loss  ascertained  from 
the  assertions  of  the  sufferers,  by  the  committee  appointed  at  the  time  to  investigate 
the  subject,  fell,  as  is  usual  in  such  cases,  for  an  obvious  reason  connected  w  ith 
mercantile  credit,  below  the  actual  loss. 


24 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 


The  future  as  compared  with  the  past. 

convulsion  and  of  war.  But  New-York  possessed  commercial  facilities 
which  other  cities  possessed  not,  and  the  want  of  the  impulses  and  ad- 
vantages enjoyed  by  her  rivals,  was  not  sufficient  to  prevent  the  develop, 
ment  and  use  of  her  capabilities.  Against  the  .greatest  disparity,  New- 
York  has  risen  above  competition,  and  stands  the  unrivaled  metropolis 
of  America. 

To  tho-e  among  the  living  whose  energy  has  contributed  to  the  pros- 
perity of  New-York,  the  rank  she  holds  as  an  emporium  of  the  world 
must  be  gratifying.  But  her  future  prospects  are  no  less  interesting  to 
her  sons;  and  often  the  eager  inquiry  arises,  will  this  unparalleled  rapid- 
ity of  progress  continue  1  Will  New-York  surpass  the  cities  of  the  East- 
ern as  she  has  surpassed  those  of  the  Western  World?  This  inquiry  it 
will  be  our  purpose  to  answer  when  we  have  surveyed  in  detail  her  pre- 
sent state,  and  ascertained  the  nature  and  stability  of  her  institutions. 


NEW-YORK — THE  PRESENT. 


"  Triumphant  Sylla !  could'st  thou  then  divine, 
By  aught  but  Romans  Rome  should  thus  be  laid  ?" 

Byron, 


CHAPTER  I. 


DESCRIPTION. 

What  hath  not  time  wrought'?  Could  the  encerprising  navigator  of 
the  Hudson  revisit  the  scenes  of  his  discoveries,  would  he  not  exclaim 
H  where  is  Mannahata?"  Could  the  burgomasters  and  schepensof  a  former 
dynasty  again  tread  the  soil  over  which  their  jurisdiction  once  extended, 
would  they  not  exclaim  "where  is  Nieuw  Amsterdam?"  And  yet  two 
centuries  have  scarce  elapsed  since  the  former  pointed  out  the  location, 
and  the  latter  directed  the  progress,  of  the  infant  state.  Two  centuries 
have  sufficed  to  convert  a  settlement  of  a  few  trading  houses  into  a  me- 
tropolis equaled,  in  size,  or  commercial  importance,  by  few  in  the 
world.  Where  the  Indian  paddled  his  light  canoe,  now  floats  the  gigantic 
battle-ship;  the  shores  that  received  the  contents  of  the  fishing  wiers,  are 
now  lined  with  the  vehicles  of  commerce  ;  the  solitary  foot  path  that 
wound  through  the  forest  has  disappeared,  and  in  the  wide  avenues  are 
seen  the  busy  crowds  ;  where  the  sacrifices  of  a  superstitious  religion  were 
offered,  the  spires  of  Christian  sanctuaries  now  point  to  heaven. 

The  island  of  New  York,  the  whole  of  which  is  included  within  the 
limits  of  the  city,  is  about  13  1-3  miles  in  length  from  north  to  south, 
with  an  average  breadth  of  one  mile  and  three  fourths.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Harlem  River  and  Spuyten  Duyvel  Creek,  which  connect  to- 
gether and  separate  it  from  the  main  land;  on  the  ea-t  by  the  East  River; 
on  the  south  by  the  Harbor  ;  and  on  the  west  by  the  Hudson  or  North  River. 
It  is  separated  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  a  capacious  harbor,  twenty- 
five  miles  in  circumference,  which  is  connected  with  an  outer  bay  and 
the  ocean  by  a  strait  called  the  Narrows. 

The  avenues  to  the  city  are  well  defended.  At  the  Narrows,  are  Fort 
Hamilton  and  La  Fayette  on  Long  Island,  and  Forts  Tompkins  and  Rich- 
mond on  Staten  Island.  Fort  La  Fayette  is  built  on  a  reef  two  hundred 
yards  from  the  shore  and  is  covered  by  Fort  Hamilton  ;  Fort  Tompkins, 


^3  DESCRIPTION. 

 . —   

Surrounding  Waters— Sui face  of  the  Island— Streets. 

standing  on  the  bigots  of  Staten  Island,  and  noted  for  its  many  subterran- 
ean passages,  protects  Fort  Puchmond  and  other  sea  coast  batteries.  The  in- 
ner harbor  contains  Governor's,  Bedlow's  and  Ellis's  islands,  all  strongly 
fortified.  On  the  North  West  point  of  Governor's  Island  stands  Castle  Wil- 
liams, a  circular  stone  battery,  connected  by  a  covered  passage  with  Fort 
Columbus,  built  in  the  shape  of  a  star,  on  the  South  side  of  the  island. 
Another  battery  commands  the  passage,  between  Governors  Island  and 
Long  Island,  called  Buttermilk  Channel.  The  entrance  to  the  East  River 
from  Long  Island  Sound  is  protected  by  Fort  Schuyler  on  Throg's  Neck. 
With  these  defences  New  York  may  never  fear  bombardment. 

The  appearance  of  the  island  was  originally  greatly  diversified.  Sudden 
acclivities  and  craggy  rocks  were  intermingled  with  ponds  and  marshes. 
But  the  magic  wand  of  art  has  passed  over  the  place.  Hills,  moving  from 
their  foundations,  have  driven  the  angler  from  his  brooks,  and  the  skat- 
ing boy  from  the  scenes  of  his  favorite  sport. 

The  island  of  New  York  presents  a  field  for  geological  research  not 
devoid  of  interest.  Its  rocks  are  almost  exclusively  primitive,  and  con- 
sist chiefly  of  gneiss,  micaceous  gneiss,  hornblendic  gneiss,  hornblende 
slate,  hornblende  rock,  limestone,  the  anthophyllite  rock,  and  granite> 
The  prevailing  rock  is  micaceous  gneiss,  which  underlies  the  lower 
portion  of  the  island,  being  covered  by  a  bed  of  diluvium,  but  as  we 
proceed  farther  north  crops  out  in  many  places.  The  diluvium  is  from 
ten  to  eighty  feet  in  depth,  and  rests  on  the  same  or  greater  thickness  of 
alluvial  or  tertiary  sands,  which  last  are  highly  stratified,  and  in  many 
places  exhibit  the  appearance  of  ripples  as  from  the  retiring  waves  of  the 
ocean.    The  northern  extremity  of  the  island  is  composed  of  limestone. 

Nor  is  New  York  altogether  wanting  in  mineralogical  interest.  Quartz 
chrystals,  rose  quartz,  epidote,  tourmaline,  brown  gainets,  serpentine, 
red  stilbite,  white  pyrozene,  fetid  felspar,  iron  pyrites,  and  white  tremo- 
lite,  are  some  of  the  minerals  which  the  rocks  of  New  York  reveal  to  the 
gaze  and  examination  of  science.* 

The  southern  portion  of  the  island,  including  *about  one  fifth  of  the 
whole  area,  is  compactly  built.  The  remainder  is  mostly  under  tillage 
A  few  narrow  and  crooked  streets  that  have  existed  from  the  days  of  Pieter 
Wolfersten  Van  Couwenhoven,  and  which,  according  to  the  facetious 
Knickerbocker,  were  opened  by  the  kine  of  the  settlement,  have  occasion- 
ed much  scandal  as  to  the  regularity  of  New- York  ;  but  that  must  be  a 
superficial  view  that  passes  over  those  noble  streets  that  traverse  nearly  the 


*  State  Geological  Survey. 


DESCRIPTION. 


29 


Streets. 

whole  length  of  the  city  without  a  deviation  to  the  right  hand  or  to  the 
left,  or  all  the  northern  half  of  the  compact  part  of  the  city  which  scarce 
includes  an  angle  more  or  less  than  90°,  or  those  spacious  and  splendid 
avenues  that,  .eleven  in  number,  and  each  100  feet  in  width,  run  parallel 
to  each  other  through  the  upper  wards  to  the  remote  extremity  of  the  island. 
In  a  few  years,  too,  the  most  irregular  portions  of  the  city  may  perhaps 
suit  those  who  now  declaim  so  loudly  against  its  want  of  regularity.  Pro- 
bably no  other  city  would  have  evinced  the  public  spirit  of  New  York  in 
widening  and  straightening  its  ancient  streets.  Large  piles  of  valuable 
buildings  have  opposed  no  barrier  to  the  accomplishment  of  this  object. 
The  work  of  improvement  is  not  yet  completed.  While  we  write,  the 
crash  of  buildings,  under  the  hand  of  innovation,  can  be  heard,  making 
way  for  an  outlet  to  one  of  the  principal  business  streets  of  the  city.* 

Broadway  is  the  great  thoroughfare  of  New-York.  It  extends  from  the 
Battery,  or  southern  extremity  of  the  city,  about  N.  E.  by  N.f  to  Union 
Place,  a  distance  of  2  1-2  miles,  in  a  perfectly  straight  line,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  slight  angle  a  few  rods  before  its  termination.  The  great  prome- 
nade for  beauty  and  fashion,  it  contains  the  largest  and  most  splendid  re- 
tail stores  in  the  city.  Her3  may  be  seen  the  silks  of  China  and  the  rich 
fabrics  of  India  and  Thibet;  the  manufactories  of  Europe  and  our  own 
continent  have  here  poured  forth  their  treasures;  the  precious  metals 
have  been  made  tributary,  and  the  glittering  windows  display  the  in- 
genuity of  art.  Broadway,  though  80  feet  wide,  is  too  contracted  for  the 
free  passage  of  the  numerous  vehicles  with  which  it  is  always  thronged. 
The  principal  lines  of  omnibuses  pass  through  this  street,  but  their  pro- 
gress in  its  lower  portionis  so  slow,  that  their  utility  for  short  distances 
is  much  diminished.  To  obviate  this  inconvience  an  elevated  railway 
has  been  proposed,  but  opposition  of  some  of  the  citizens  to  this  measure 
has  yet  to  be  removed. 

Among  other  streets  prominent  for  width,  length  or  beauty,  maybe 
mentioned  the  Bowery,  East  and  West  Broadway,  and  Chatham,  Canal 
Hudson  and  Greenwich  streets.  Pearl  street,  one  mile  and  three  eighths 
in  length,  at  the  same  time  the  most  irregular  and  the  most  important 
business  street  in  the  city,  commences  at  State-street,  a  short  distance 
from  Broadway,  and  having  described  a  zigzag  curve  terminates  in 
Broadway,  nearly  a  mile  from  the  Battery.  Pearl  street,  a  hundred  and 
fifty  years  ago,  was  the  shore  of  the  East  River4  Maiden  Lane,  now  a 
most  important  business  street,  was   the  favorite  resort  of  the  maidens 

*  William-street,  the  upper  part  of  which  was  formerly  called  Horse-and-cart-st. 
f  The  exact  direction  is  N.  36°  E. 

|  Moulton's  New- York,  428.  New-Orange,  30.  Manual  of  Com.  Coun.  (1848,)  347 
Watson,  173. 


30 


DESCRIPTION. 


Pavements. 

of  Nieuw- Amsterdam.*  The  southern  portion  of  the  city  is  almost  ex- 
clusively devoted  to  business  purposes,  and  a  more  minute  description 
will  be  appropriate  when  we  come  to  speak  of  the  trade  and  commerce 
of  New  York. 

The  northern  portion  of  the  island,  most  of  which  is  not  yet  thickly 
settled,  was  laid  out  in  a  regular  manner,  under  the  superintendence  of 
Governeur  Morris,  De  Witt  Clinton  and  John  Rutherford,  commission- 
ers appointed  for  the  purpose  by  the  legislature  of  Xew  York  in  1S07. 
The  survey  by  John  Randall,  Jr.  was  commenced  in  1811  and  occupied 
ten  years.  The  avenues  before  alluded  to  were  laid  out  in  this  survey, 
and  have  been  cut  through  the  opposing  rocks  and  hills  at  great  expense. 
They  are  intersected  by  136  cross  streets,  numerically  designated,  which, 
with  the  avenues,  form  oblong  rectangles,  most  of  them  200  by  500  feet. 

The  streets  are  mostly  paved  with  the  common  round  paving  stone. 
But  the  "  Russ  Pavement,"  invented  by  Horace  P.Russ,  Esq.,  has  during 
the  last  two  years  been  introduced  into  several  places  in  the  city. 
Though  expensive,  it  is  most  durable,  and  will  doubtless  prove  in  the 
end  the  cheapest  that  could  be  used.  It  consists  of  blocks  of  trap,  about 
10  inches  in  depth,  laid  in  ranges,  in  lozenge  formed  division,  by 
which  the  edges  are  presented  diagonally  to  the  wheel  tire  of  carriages. 
This  superstructure  rests  upon  a  substructure  of  concrete,  arranged  in 
sections  that  can  be  lifted  out  to  afford  access  to  the  pipes  beneath.  This 
substructure  likewise  rests  upon  a  foundation  of  chips  of  granite  or  other 
stone;  the  whole  forming  a  consolidated  mass,  about  IS  inches  in  thick- 
ness, that  it  does  not  seem  possible  to  equal  in  durability.  The  first  block 
of  this  pavement  was  laid  in  Broadway,  between  Chambers  and  Reade 
streets,  in  July,  1S46,  at  an  expense  of  $3991  ;  $1350  of  which  was  paid 
by  the  corporation,  $990  by  property  owners,  and  the  balance  by  Mr. 
Russ.  In  August,  1S47,  the  block  in  Broadway,  between  Washington 
and  Waverley  Places,  embracing  840  square  yards,  was  laid  at  an  ex- 
pense of  $4600,  one-third  of  which  was  paid  by  the  corporation,  and 
the  balance  by  property  owners.  In  154S,  the  space  around  the  Herald 
and  Sun  buildings,  (corner  of  Nassau  and  Fulton  streets,)  6S0  square 
yards  was  paved  at  an  expense  of  S3, 700,  the  corporation  paying  $651  > 
the  proprietors  of  the  Herald  and  Sun  the  balance  of  the  amount.  These 
experiments  apparently  successful  in  their  issue  caused  the  corporation 

*  Th*»  first  name  applied  to  the  location  was  "the  ladies' valley  "  It  was  subse- 
quently called  "  the  virgins'  path."  and  in  1692.  twentv-eight  years  after  the  sur- 
render to  the  English,  it  first  appears  on  the  records  of  the  city,  under  the  title  of 
"  Green  Jane."  In  1696.  it  was  laid  out  and  regulated,  and  received  its  present 
name.  Minutes  of  Com  Conn.  Moulton's  New-Orange,  36.  Manual  of  Com.  Couu 
(184S;)  549 


DESCRIPTION. 


31 


Public  Grounds— The  Battery. 

tr  decide  upon  laying  down  this  pavement,  at  the  sole  expense  of  the  city, 
in  Broadway,  from  Chambers-street  to  Maiden  Lane,  a  space  embracing 
about  9000  square  yards,  and  the  contracts  were  performed,  in  1848  and 
1849,  by  Messrs.  Russ  &  Reid  at  $5,50  per  square  yard.  There  can  be 
no  doubt  that  this  pavement  will,  in  a  few  years,  supersede  all  others  in 
the  great  thoroughfares  of  the  city. 

Although  New  York  is  not  so  well  supplied  with  Public  Grounds  as 
might  be  desired,  in  consequence  of  the  neglect  of  the  City  Fathers  to 
reserve,  when  the  soil  was  not  as  valuable  as  at  present,  a  sufficient 
portion  for  this  purpose ;  yet  we  can  boast  of  several  splendid  prome- 
nades, and  one  not  surpassed,  if  equaled,  in  this  country. 

The  Battery,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  island,  forms  an  irregu- 
lar figure,  resembling  a  quarter  section  of  the  space  included  between 
two  concentric  circles.*  As  its  name  denotes,  it  was  formerly  devoted  to 
the  defence  of  the  city,  but  the  embankments  thrown  up  by  the  Dutch 
were  not  kept  in  repair,  and  the  wide  spreading  sycamores  that  soon  over- 
shaded  these  military  preparations  were  consecrated  to  a  far  different 
purpose.  "  The  old  burghers  would  repair  of  an  afternoon  to  smoke  their 
pipes  under  the  shade  of  their  branches,  contemplating  the  golden  sun,  as 
he  gradually  sunk  in  the  west,  an  emblem  of  that  tranquil  end  toward 
which  themselves  were  hastening;  while  the  young  men  and  the  damsels 
of  the  town  would  take  many  a  moonlight  stroll  among  these  favor te 
daunts,  watching  the  chaste  Cynthia  tremble  along  the  calm  bosom  of  the 
bay,  or  light  up  the  white  sail  of  some  gliding  bark,  and  interchanging 
the  honest  vows  of  constant  affection.  Such  was  the  origin  of  that  re 
nowned  walk,  the  battery,  which,  though  ostensibly  devoted  to  the  pur- 
poses of  war,  has  ever  been  consecrated  to  the  sweet  delights  of  peace."f 
Nor  was  the  enchantment  of  this  scene  confined  to  the  time  of  the  Knick- 
erbocker maidens.  Extended  in  its  limits  ;  inclosed  by  an  iron  railing 
on  the  side  next  the  city,  and  by  an  open  railing  with  stone  posts  on  a 
foundation  of  solid  masonry  on  the  water  side ;  laid  out  with  grass  plots 
and  gravel  walks  ;  planted  with  many  additional  trees  ;  and  presenting 
a  view  enlivened  at  different  times  by  the  sails  of  everv  nation ;  it  draws 
within  its  precincts  by  a  more  irresistible  attraction,  the  young  men  and 
maidens  of  our  own  days,  whose  breasts  are  heaving  with  tender  emotions, 
as  well  as  all,  of  whatever  age,  sex  or  condition  in  life,  who  desire  to 
avoid  the  noise  and  dust  of  the  busy  metropolis.  "  The  favorite  walk  of 
declining  age  ;  the  healthful  resort  of  the  feeble  invalid  ;  the  Sunday  re- 

*  The  gazetteers  and  all  the  hand-books  call  this  figure  a  crescent.    The  extremi- 
ties instead  of  terminating  in  points  are  wider  than  the  center, 
f  W.  Irving. 


32 


DESCRIPTION. 


Bowling  Green— City  Park. 

freshment  of  the  dusty  tradesman  ;  the  scene  of  many  a  boyish  gambol 
the  rendezvous  of  many  a  tender  assignation  ;  the  comfort  of  the  citizen  ; 
the  ornament  of  New  York,  and  the  pride  of  the  lovely  island  of  Man- 
nahatta," — such  is  the  encomium  it  has  justly  earned  from  the  most 
beautiful  of  American  writers. 

The  Bowling  Green,  an  ellipse,  whose  diameters  are  respectively 
two  hundred  and  twenty  and  one  hundred  and  forty  feet,  situated  at  the 
foot  of  Broadway,  likewise  claims  attention  for  many  historical  associa- 
tions. It  was  here  that  the  Knickerbockers  were  accustomed  to  engage  in 
the  sport  of  bowling,  and  hence  originated  the  name  it  still  bears.  On  the 
twenty-first  day  of  August,  1770,  a  procession,  moving  to  the  sound  of 
martial  music  and  the  discharge  of  cannon,  had  celebrated  the  birth  day 
of  the  reigning  monarch,  George  III,  by  erecting  in  the  Bowling  Green, 
a  leaden  equestrian  statue  of  the  King.  Six  years  is  often  a  sufficient 
period  to  shake  the  feelings  of  loyalty.  In  April,  1776,  a  body  of  the 
people,  who  had  strongly  imbibed  the  spirit  of  liberty,  under  the  lead  of 
one  Belden,  overthrew  the  horse  and  his  rider,  and  distributed  the  leaden 
materials  of  which  they  were  composed  among  the  military  companies, 
who  melted  them  into  musket  balls  to  be  used  against  the  soldiers  of  the 
very  king  whom  the  statue  represented.  Previous  to  this  incident,  the  balls 
that  surmounted  the  posts  of  the  iron  railing  inclosing  the  Green  had 
been  broken  off,  and  to  this  day  the  marks  of  violence  remain.  One 
entire  post,  with  its  head  upon  its  shoulders,  still  stands  near  the  southern 
entrance  to  the  Green,  a  memento  of  the  former  glory  of  its  brethren. 
The  Green  is  now  ornamented  with  a  fountain  supplied  by  the  "Water 
Works  of  the  city.  The  jets  are  made  to  fall  upon  an  uncouth  mass  of 
rocks  which,  in  the  opinion  of  some,  gives  to  the  scene  a  "wild  and 
picturesque  appearance." 

As  we  proceed  up  Broadway,  the  next  public  ground  that  meets  our 
view  is  the  "  City  Park,"  bounded  by  Broadway,  Chatham,  Center, 
and  Chambers  streets.  Its  shape  is  that  of  a  right  angled  triangle  with 
one  of  the  acute  angles  cut  off  by  a  line  parallel  to  the  opposite  side.  It 
contains  over  eleven  acres,  and  is  surrounded  by  an  iron  fence,  on  a 
plinth  of  brown  freestone,  that  cost  the  city  over  §15,000.  Four  public 
bnildings,  the  City  Hall,  the  New  City  Hall,  the  Hall  of  Records,  and  the 
Rotunda,  formerly  the  Post-Office,  but  now  occupied  by  the  offices  of  the 
Aims-House  Department,  are  included  within  its  limits.  The  most  interest- 
ing feature  of  the  Park  is  a  large  fountain  near  its  southern  termination, 
which  throws  the  water  in  a  single  stream  to  the  hight  of  seventy  feet. 
The  jets  are  so  arranged  as  to  admit  of  various  combinations,  which  is  far 
more  pleasing  than  a  uniformity  of  the  most  beautiful  figure.  The  basin 
of  the  fountain  is  one  hundred  feel  wide,  and  surrounded  by  a  marble 


DESCRIPTION'. 


33 


Hudson,  Washington  and  Tompkins  Squares — Umon  Place — Gramercy  Park. 

border.  The  space  between  the  basin  and  an  ornamental  iron  railing 
that  surrounds  it  at  the  distance  of  12  feet,  is  embellished  with  shrubs 
and  flowering  plants. 

Hudson  Square,  or  St.  John's  Park,  is  a  highly  ornamented  enclosure, 
of  about  four  acres,  situated  in  front  of  St.  John's  Church*  and  bounded 
by  Hudson,  Laight,  Varick  and  Beach  streets.  It  stands  in  the  name  of 
the  corporation  of  Trinity  Church,  though  it  is  virtually  the  property  of 
the  surrounding  owners  ;  and  its  privileges  are  confined  to  the  proprietors 
and  such  others  as  are  permitted  on  their  recommendation  to  hire  keys  at 
the  annual  charge  of  ten  dollars.  It  is  surrounded  by  an  iron  fence, 
contains  a  most  beautiful  fountain,  and  is  more  abundantly  supplied  with 
shrubs  and  flowers  than  any  other  park  in  the  city. 

"Washington  Square,  containing  nine  and  a  half  acres,  bounded  by 
"Waverley  Place,  (named  in  honor  of  the  author  of  "  Waverley,")  andWoos- 
ter,  Fourth,  and  McDougal  streets,  was  formed  in  1827  by  adding  to  the 
ground  formerly  used  as  the  Potter's  Field  about  one  half  more  purchased 
of  private  owners.  The  bones  were  collected  and  deposited  in  trenches 
on  the  sides  of  the  square.  Washington  Square,  has  been  until  recently, 
the  principal  military  parade  ground  in  the  city. 

Tompkins  Square,  containing  more  than  ten  acres,  between  Avenues  A 
and  B,  and  Seventh  and  Tenth  Streets,  is  now  used  for  the  exhibition  of 
military  tactics  ;  but  the  trees  have  not  yet  sufficiently  grown  to  render  it 
a  desirable  promenade.  This  portion  of  the  city  is  now  being  rapidly 
settled,  and  Tompkins  Square,  one  of  the  largest  enclosures  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  island,  will  doubtless,  in  a  few  years,  become  a  place  of  fre- 
quent resort. 

Union  Place,  at  the  northern  termination  of  Broadway,  an  ellipse, 
who?e  longer  diameter  is  656  feet  and  its  shorter  292  feet,  is  ornamented 
bv  an  expensive  iron  fence,  an  elegant  fountain,  and  beautiful  walks 
and  shrubbery.  It  is  surrounded  by  splendid  private  mansions,  some 
of  which  are  of  costly  magnificence,  and  its  vicinity  is  the  most  fash- 
ionable portion  of  the  city. 

Gramercy  Park,  between  the  3d  and  4th  Avenues,  and  20th  and  21st 
Streets,  is  400  feet  long  and  1S4  wide.  It  is  a  private  park  belonging  to 
the  proprietors  of  the  sixty  adjacent  lots,  having  been  gratuitously  pre- 
sented to  them  in  the  year  1831,  by  Samuel  B.  Ruggles,  Esq.,  to  whom  this 
portion  of  the  city  is  greatly  indebted  for  its  settlement  and  beauty.  The 
trees  and  shrubbery  were  planted  about  twelve  years  since,  under  the  di- 
rection of  Charles  A.  Davis,  Esq.,  and  their  beauty  and  variety  reflect 
much  credit  on  his  judgment  and  taste.  An  elegant  fountain  has  just  been 
completed  at  the  cost  of  about  §3000.  Though  Gramercy  Park  is  a  priv- 
2* 


34 


DESCRIPTION. 


Hamilton  Square— Table  of  Public  Grounds. 

ileged  Square,  strangers  are  always  accommodated  by  application  for  ad 
mission  to  any  of  the  proprietors. 

Hamilton  Square,  still  further  north,  is  not  yet  regulated,  but  is  noted 
as  the  proposed  location  for  the  Washington  Monument. 

These  are  perhaps  all  the  public  grounds  that  deserve  distinct  consider 
ation.  The  upper  portion  of  the  island  is  much  better  supplied  with  pub- 
lic places  for  exercise  and  recreation,  but  as  most  of  them  are  not  laid 
out  or  regulated,  we  shall  do  no  more  than  include  them  in  the  following  : 

TABLE  OF  THE  ABE  AS  AND  LOCATIONS  OF  ALL  THE  PABKS  OB  PUBLIC  GEOUNDS  OF 
NEW-YORK. 


Boundaries. 


Battery  

Bowling  Green, 

Park,  

Duane  Park,  .  . 


Five  Point  Park,. 
Hudson  Square,  . 
Washington  Sq.,  . 
Tompkins  Square. 
Union  Place,  .  . .  .  . 
Stnyvesant  Square. 
Gramercy  Park, .  . 
Abingdon  Square, 
Madison  Square,  .. 
Bloomiuirdale  Sq., 
Hamilton  Square, 
Manhattan  Square, 
Observatory  Placp. 
Mount  Morris, 


Battery  PI.,  State  &  Whitehall  sts.  Sc  harbor 

Broadway  at  its  southern  termination  

Broad'y,  Chambers,  C<  ntreand  Chatham  sts 
Duane  between  Greenwich  and  Hudson  sts. 
Duane  between  Washington  aud  West  sts. . 

Little  Water,  Cross  Sc  Anthony  sts  

Hudson,  Beach,  Varick  Sc  Laight  sts  

Waverlev  PI.,  Mc.  Dougal,  4th  Sc  Wooster  sts 

Avenues  A  &  B  <fc  7th  Sc  10th  sts  

Broadway  between  14th  Sc  17th  sts.  .  . 
Both  side's  of  2d  Av.  between  15th  Sc  17th  st-. 

3d  Sc  4th  A  vs.  Sc  20th  Sc  2lst  sts  , 

Hudcon  &,  Troy  sts.  Sc  8th  Avenue.  .  . 
5th  Avenue,  Madison  Place.  234  &  26ih  sts. .. 
8th  Sc  9th  Avenues,  ami  531  and  57th  sts.  .  . 

3d  Sc  5th  Avenues,  Sc  Cb'th  &  69th  sts  

8th  and  9th  Avenues,  Sc  77th  &  81=t  sts  

4th  Sc  5th  Avenues  Sc  89th  Sc  94th  sts  

Both  Sides  of  5th  A  v.  bet.  120  ft  124th  sts. . . 


Area. 

Shape. 

J 

V 

Irregular. 

10 

339 

Ellipse... 

I 

c 

253 

Irregular. 

10 

3 

\\ 

0 

Triangle. 

21 

66 

Oblousr... 

38 

26 

Triangle- 

24 

193 

m*y.  Sq.. 

4 

0 

13 

183 

Obion?. .. 

9 

2 

39 

246 

XMy.  Sq~ 

10 

2 

1 

112 

Ellipse.  .. 

3 

1 

34 

253 

Two  Ob's 

3 

3 

28 

217 

OblOQJT.  .. 

1 

2 

30 

92 

Triangle. 

33  3b 

Obion?. .. 

6 

3 

19 

17 

Oblou?... 

18 

0 

01196 

2  OblVs... 

24 

0 

5  193 

Oblong.. 

19 

81182 

Obion?.... 

25 

s 

2 

160 

.N'ly.  Sq  .120 

o 

27 

114 

The  yards  and  cemeteries  that  surround  several  of  the  churches  in  the 
thickly  settled  portion  of  the  city,  may  be  mentioned  as  a  partial  compen- 
sation for  its  deficiency  in  grounds  appropriated  to  public  use;  but,  as 
they  are  only  open  on  the  Sabbath,  they  little  more  than  serve  the  purpose 
of  relieving  the  eye,  by  their  occasional  patches  of  verdure,  from  the  mo- 
notony of  a  crowded  city. 


Those  who  wish  to  pursue  the  topography  of  the  city  further,  or  ascer 
tain  particulars  respecting  its  plan  or  extent,  are  referred  to  an  accurate 
map  in  the  first  part  of  this  volume.  We  will,  however,  present  the  fol- 
lowing table  of  distances,  compiled  with  great  care  from  the  Model  of 
New  York,  a  work  which,  considered  merely  as  a  plan  of  the  city,  is  by 
far  the  largest  and  acknowledged  to  be  the  most  accurate  ever  taken.* 


*  The  plan  of  tVo  city,  on  which  the  Model  of  New  York  is  constructed,  is  20  by  24 
fe*   i  and,  with  tlie  surrounding  railings,  covers  a  space  23  by  27  feet. 


DESCRIPTION. 


35 


Table  of  Distances. 


TABLE  OF  DISTANCES 

FROM  THE  CITY  HALL  TO  OTHER  NOTED  LOCALITIES  OP  NEW-YORK. 

(These  distances  are  not  right  lines,  but  the  spaces  that  must  be  passed  over  to  reach 
the  points  designated.  Fractions  less  than  one-eighth  of  a  mile  are  disregarded.  The 
streets  and  numbers  of  any  of  the  buildings  or  public  places  contained  in  the  following 
enumeration,  can  be  found  by  reference  to  the  different  parts  of  this  work.) 


LOCALITIES. 


PUBLIC  BUILDINGS  AND  PLACES. 

Merchants'  Exchange 
Custom  House  . 
Post  Office  . 
Halls  of  Justice  . 
New-York  Arsenal 
Columbia  College 
New- York  University 
Medical  College  of  N.  Y.  University 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
New-York  Hospital  . 
Bellevue  Hospital 
City  Dispensary  . 
Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum 
Institution  for  the  Blind 
Union  Theological  Seminary 
Prot.  Epis.  Theological  Seminary 
Society  Library  . 
Apprentices'  Library . 
Sailors'  Home  . 
New-Yoik  Gas  Works 
Manhattan  Gas  Works 
Castle  Garden  . 
Clinton  Hall 
Gothic  Hall 
Minerva  Rooms  . 
Apollo  Saloou  . 
Coliseum  . 
New-York  Tattersalls 
American  Art  Union 
Distributing  Reservoir 
Receivinsr  Reservoir  . 
Novelty  Works  . 


LOCALITIES. 


PUBLIC  GROUNDS, 

Battery  . 
Bowling  Green 
Hudson  Square 
Washington  Square 
Union  Place  . 
Tompkins  Square  . 
Gramercy  Park 

MARKETS. 

Washington  Market 
Fulton 
Center 
Catharine 
Essex 
Tompkins 
Jefferson 

HOTELS. 
Astor  House  . 
American  Hotel 
Lovejoy's  " 
Franklin  House 
Howard  Hotel  ^  . 
Rathbun's  " 
Croton  " 
Trcmont  Temperance 
City  Hotel 
Judson's  14 
Atlantic  " 
United  States  Hotel 
St.  Charles'  " 
Florence's  " 
New-York  " 
Commercial  Exchange 


House 


n 
l\ 

h 
i 
f 
* 

H 

2 

k 
k 
ft 
i 
I 
I 
* 


FERRIES 

Fulton  Ferry   *  mi}f 

South  Ferry  .      ■   * 

Catharine  Ferry   J  {{ 

Navy  Yard  Ferry   *  a 

Staten  Island  Ferry,  foot  of  Whitehall  St   1 

Do.       do.    do.     foot  of  Battery  Place   | 

Hoboken  Ferry,  foot  of  Barclay  St   * 

Do.      do.    foot  of  Canal  St   H 

Do.      do.     foot  of  Christopher  St   If  " 

Jersey  City  Ferry,  and  Newark  R.  R.  Depot   I 

Williamsburg  Ferry,  foot  of  Peck  slip   * 

Do.        do.    foot  of  Grand  St  

Do.        do.    foot  of  Houston  St.  2  " 


36 


DESCRIPTION. 


Table  of  Distances— Croton  Water  Works. 


STEAMBOAT  LANDINGS. 

Albany  and  Troy  Steamboat  Landing,  foot  of  Barclay  St.  . 

Do.  do.  do.  do.     foot  of  Cortlandt  St.  . 

Boston,  via.  Newport,  Steamboat  Landing,  Pier  No.  3,  N.  R. 

do.    "    Norwich,  Providence  or  Stonington,  foot  of  Battery  Place 

Philadelphia,  foot  of  Liberty  St  

do.    via.    Camden  and  Amboy,  Pier  No.  2,  N.  R. 
New-Haven  and  Hartford  Steamboat  Landings,  foot  of  Peck  Slip 

CHURCHES. 

Trinity  Church,  Broadway  (Epis.)  

St.  George's  "  Beekman,  cor.  Cliff  St.  (Epis.)  . 

Grace  "  Broadway,  cor.  Tenth  St.  (Epis.) 

Calvary         "  4th  Avenue,  between  21st  and  22d  Sts.  (Epis.) 

Church  of  the  Annunciation,  14th  St.  between  6th  aud  7th  Avenues  (Epis, 
Church  of  our  Saviour,  foot  of  Pike  St.  (Epis.  for  seamen)  . 
First  Presbyterian  Church,  5th  avenue  cor.  11th  St. 
Central        "  "        Broome  near  Elm  St. 

Scotch        "  "        Grand  cor.  Crosby  St. 

Mercer  street  Presbyterian  Church  

Tabernacle,  Broadway,  (Cong.)      ...  ... 

Church  of  the  Puritans,  Union  Place,  cor.  15th  St.  (Cong.)  . 

North  Dutch  Church,  William,  cor.  Fulton  St  

Dutch  Reformed  Church,  Lafayette  Place,  cor.  4th  St. 

"  "  "       Wooster  St.  cor.  Washington  Place  . 

First  Baptist  Church,  Broome,  cor.  Elizabeth  .... 

South    *"  "       84  Nassau  St  

John  Street  Church  (Meth.)  

North  River  Floating  Bethel,  foot  of  Rector  St.  (Meth.) 
Mariners'  Church,  73  Roosevelt  St.  ... 
Church  of  the  Divine  Unity,  548  Broadway  (Unit.; 

11       "     Messiah,  728  Broadway  (Unit.)  .... 
Universalist  Church,  Bleecker,  cor.  of  Downing  St. 
St.  Peter's  Church,  Barclay  cor.  Church  St.  (Rom.  Cath.)  . 
St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  Mott,  cor.  Prince  St.  (Rom.  Cath.) 
Jewish  Synagogue,  119  Elm  St  


£  mile 

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Having  glanced  at  the  external  appearance  of  the  city,  let  us  descend 
beneath  the  surface,  and  see  what  underground  New  York  presents.  If 
the  pavements  of  any  of  the  principal  streets  be  removed  and  an  excava- 
tion of  a  few  feet  made  in  the  earth,  two  sets  of  iron  pipes  appear. 
Let  the  work  of  excavation  be  continued  a  few  feet  deeper,  and  a  culvert 
of  brick  work  is  brought  to  view. 

The  larger  of  these  sets  of  pipes  belongs  to  the  Croton  Water  Works. 

A  copious  supply  of  good  water  is  the  greatest  blessing  a  city  can  pos- 
sess. It  is  alike  necessary  to  health,  comfort,  and  protection  against  the 
devouring  element. 

This  necessity  early  engaged  the  attention  of  the  legislators  of  New 
York.  In  the  year  1774,  a  project  was  set  on  foot  to  construct  a  city  re- 
servoir on  the  East  side  of  Broadway,  near  its  present  intersection  with 
Franklin  Street,  which  was  to  be  supplied  with  water  forced  up  from  a 
well  by  a  steam  engine.  To  meet  the  necessary  expenditures,  paper 
notes  to  the  amount  of  £2,500  were  issued.  Several  of  these  notes  are 
still  in  existence.  The  following  is  a  copy  of  one  in  the  possession  of 
Isaac  bar  J.  Cozzens,  Esq. 


DESCRIPTION. 


37 


Croton  Water  Works. 


(Front  of  the  Note.) 

S<  NEW-YORK  WATER  WORKS.  $ 

S|         ~  [No.  1257.]  £ 

JJj  THIS  NOTE  shall  entitle  the  Bearer  to  the  Sum  of  £5 

S  Bfflijt  SjOfZlftifls  £ 

•  Current  Money  of  the  Colony  of  New-York,  payable  on  Demand,  ™ 
*  by  the  MAYOR,  ALDERMEN,  and  COMMONALTY  of  the  City  a 
®^  of  New-York,  at  the  Office  of  the  Chamberlain  of  the  said  City  of 
@<  this  Date.  Dated  the  Fifth  Day  of  March,  in  the  Year  of  our  te> 
®^  Lord  One  Thousand  Seven  Hundred  and  Seventy-six.  >C 
®^  By  Order  of  the  Corporation.  f° 

®<  ANDW.  GAUTIE.  J® 

3}  H.  BRASHER.  (® 

9  8s-  IS 


(Back  of  the  Note  ) 

at 


T 

5 


PICTURE 


STEAM  ENGINE. 


The  Revolutionary  War  gave  the  death  blow  to  this  enterprise. 

From  1785  to  1798,  the  subject  of  supplying  the  cicy  with  water  oc- 
cupied at  intervals  the  attention  of  the  city  councils.  The  sources  relied 
upon,  in  all  the  proposed  schemes,  were  wells  or  springs  on  the  island,  or 
the  Tea  Water  Pump,  at  the  present  corner  of  Pearl  and  Chatham  streets. 
In  1798,  a  report  was  presented  to  the  Common  Council,  by  a  committee 
appointed  to  investigate  the  subject,  recommending  the  introduction  of 
the  waters  of  the  Bronx  River.  An  examination  of  that  river  by  suitable 
engineers  ensued,  and  the  project  appeared  likely  to  be  carried  into  effect, 
when  private  speculation  interfered,  and  the  matter  passed  from  the 
hands  of  the  city  authorities.  Aaron  Burr,  at  that  time  a  member  of  the 
Legislature,  applied  for  an  act  of  incorporation  for  a  company  in  whom 
should  be  vested  the  right  of  supplying  the  city  with  water,  with  the 
4 


38 


DESCRIPTION. 


Croton  Water  Works. 

privilege  of  using  their  surplus  capital  in  banking.  The  application  was 
successful,  and  the  consent  of  the  city  obtained  to  the  measure  by  the 
permission  to  subscribe  for  two  thousand  shares  of  the  stock.  But  the 
anticipations  of  the  citizens  for  a  supply  of  pure  water  were  not  realized 
The  Manhattan  Company,  it  is  true,  sunk  a  well  within  the  limits  of 
the  city,  and  laid  down  wooden  pipes  in  the  streets  for  the  distribution  of 
the  water:  but,  banking  being  in  fact  the  principal,  instead  of  the 
subordinate  object  of  the  company,  it  could  not  be  expected  that  any 
great  enterprise  would  result  from  its  organization. 

Still  the  matter  was  not  again  seriously  agitated  until  after  the  last 
war  with  Great  Britain.  Between  the  years  1816  and  1S30,  scarcely  a 
year  passed  without  the  revival  of  an  old  or  the  proposal  of  a  new 
scheme.  The  introduction  of  the  Bronx  River,  the  boring  of  Artesian 
Wells,  the  bringing  of  the  waters  of  the  Housatonic  River  in  Connecti- 
cut to  the  city  by  an  open  canal,  both  for  the  purposes  of  commerce 
and  of  supplying  the  city  with  water,  and  the  construction  of  a  similar 
canal  to  Sharon,  Connecticut,  are  some  of  the  projects  that  successively 
claimed  the  attention  of  the  councils  of  New  York  or  of  the  public. 

In  1S29,  the  city  authorities  were  aroused,  in  consequence  of  a  g^eat 
loss  of  property  by  the  fires  of  the  previous  year,  to  the  consideration  of 
a  plan  for  efficiently  providing  the  city  with  water  for  the  extinguish- 
ment of  fires.  It  \va?  proposed  that  a  reservoir  should  be  constructed  on 
a  rock  in  Thirteenth  street,  and  be  connected  with  hydrants  in  different 
parts  of  the  city  by  means  of  iron  pipes.  Ridicule  was  invoked  to  defeat 
this  scheme.  The  supply  of  water,  it  was  declared,  would  not  fill  a 
tea-kettle,  much  less  answer  the  demands  of  the  city.  <;Give  us  the 
tank  and  pipes,  and  we  engage  to  fill  them,  if  we  have  to  carry  the 
water  in  quart  bottles,"  was  the  reply  of  a  member*  to  whom,  in  a  differ- 
ent official  capacity,  was  reserved  the  duty,  thirteen  years  afterwards, 
to  fill  this  very  tank,  and  these  same  pipes,  not  by  the  emptying  of  quart 
bottles,  but  by  opening  the  gates  of  a  resistless  torrent.  In  the  mean 
time,  too,  it  was  not  necessary  to  redeem  the  pledge  by  the  provision  of 
the  latter  clause,  and  the  successful  accomplishment  of  the  plan  served  as 
an  incentive  to  one  of  the  noblest  undertakings  of  modern  times. 

After  the  lapse  of  fourteen  years,  in  which  many  schemes  for  the 
general  wants  of  the  city  had  been  devised,  but  none  executed,  a  new 
source  of  supply  in  1830  presented  its  claims  to  the  Common  Council. 
The  introduction  of  the  Croton  river  had  in  former  years  been  incident- 
ally suggested,  but  the  memorial  of  Francis  B.  Phelps,  Esq.,  on  the  17th 
of  May  of  that  year,  was  the  first  definite  proposal  for  the  undertaking. 


*  Samuel  Stevens.  Esq. 


DESCRIPTION. 


39 


Croton  Water  Works. 

Nothing,  however,  was  accomplished  until  after  the  examination  of  Col. 
De  Witt  Clinton  in  1S32,  made  at  the  request  of  the  Common  Council, 
who,  in  opposition  to  the  opinion  of  all  the  engineers  and  committees 
that  had  investigated  the  subject,  reported  in  favor  of  the  Croton  river 
as  the  only  source  on  which  the  city  should  rely,  when  Major  Douglass, 
a  skillful  engineer,  was  appointed  to  survey  among  other  routes  the  line 
from  the  Croton  to  New  York.  This  survey  in  1S33,  made  under  Com- 
missioners appointed  by  the  State,  and  the  subsequent  report,  forever 
swept  away  all  traces  of  other  projects. 

It  only  remained  to  be  seen  whether  those  who  were  to  supply  the 
means,  would  abandon  the  enterprize.  In  April,  1S35,  a  majority  of 
17,330  to  5,963  votes  decided  that  the  Croton  should  flow  through  the 
streets.  On  the  4th  of  July,  1S42,  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners opened  the  gates  of  a  new  reservoir,  and  the  river  that  was 
diverted  more  than  forty  miles  from  its  course,  rushed  into  the  pipes  that, 
thirteen  years  before,  had  been  constructed  amid  the  ridicule  of  opponents. 

The  sun  never  ascended  the  heavens  more  brilliantly  than  on  the 
morning  of  the  14th  of  October,  1S42.  At  sunrise  might  be  heard  the 
roaring  of  cannon  and  the  pealing  of  bells.  The  day  has  arrived  when 
the  introduction  of  those  waters  that  gush  forth  in  the  streets  and  houses 
of  New  York  shall  be  celebrated  with  demonstrations  of  joy.  At  the 
hour  of  nine  a  splendid  banner,  representing  on  one  side  Neptune  as 
having  achieved  a  victory  over  the  Demon  of  Fire,  and  on  the  other  the 
Queen  of  Cities  pointing  to  the  noble  work  that  had  just  been  completed, 
was  presented  with  due  ceremonies  by  the  Mayor,  in  behalf  of  the 
Common  Council,  to  the  officers  and  members  of  the  Fire  Department. 
At  ten  o'clock  a  military  and  civic  procession,  seven  miles  in  length, 
with  flying  banners  and  lively  music,  left  the  Battery.  The  progress  of 
the  glittering  pageant  was  greeted  with  the  sudden  opening  of  beautiful 
fountains,  and  the  shouts  of  the  joyous  people.  At  half  past  four 
o'clock,  the  different  divisions  of  the  procession,  having  passed  through 
the  principal  streets,  were  arranged  in  the  Park  to  listen  to  the  addresses 
of  Samuel  Stevens  and  J.  L.  Lawrence,  Esqrs.,  the  former  of  whom,  as 
President  of  the  State  Board  of  "Water  Commissioners,  committed  to  the 
latter,  as  President  of  the  Croton  Aqueduct  Board,  the  custody  of  the  stu- 
pendous work  just  completed.  The  following  ode,  written  for  the  oc  • 
casion  by  Gen.  Geo.  P.  Morris,  was  then  sung  by  the  members  of  the 
New  York  Sacred  Music  Society  around  the  gushing  waters  of  the  Park 
Fountain. 


40 


DESCRIPTION. 


Croton  Water  Works. 


L 

M  Gushin?  from  this  living  fountain. 

Music  pours  a  falling  strain, 
As  the  Goddess  of  the  Mountain 

Comes  with  all  her  sparkling  train; 
From  her  grotto-springs  advancing, 

Glittering  in  her  feathery  spray, 
Woodlaud  fays  beside  her  dancing, 

She  pursues  her  winding  way." 

II. 

M  Gently  o'er  the  rippling  water, 

In  her  coral  shallop  bright, 
Glides  the  rock-kiug's  dove-eyed  daughter, 

Deck'd  in  robes  of  virgin  white. 
Nymphs  and  naiads,  sweetly  smiling, 

Urge  her  back  with  pearly  hand, 
Merrily  the  sylph  beguiling 

From  the  nooks  of  fairy  land. 

III. 

"Swimming  on  the  snow-curled  billow, 

See  the  river  spirits  fair, 
Lay  their  cheeks,  as  on  a  pillow, 

With  the  foam-beads  in  their  hair. 
Thus  attended,  hither  wending, 

Floats  the  lovely  Oread  now, 
Eden's  arch  of  promise  bending 

Over  her  translucent  brow. 

IV. 

"Hail  the  wanderer  from  a  far-land  ! 

Bind  bcr  flowing  tresses  up! 
Crown  her  with  a  fadeless  garland, 

And  with  crystal  brim  the  cup. 

When  the  voices  of  the  performers  ceased,  the  voices  of  the  whole  mul- 
titude were  raised,  and  the  ceremonies  of  the  day  closed  with  nine 
hearty  cheers. 

The  Croton  Aqueduct  is  a  conduit  of  the  most  solid  masonry.  Com- 
mencing about  six  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Croton  River,  a  stream 
of  the  greatest  purity,  where  the  water  is  raised  40  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  river,  and  166  feet  above  mean  tide,  by  means  of  a  dam,  it  follows 
the  course  of  the  Croton  nearly  to  its  mouth  ;  and  then  passes  along  the 
banks  of  the  Hudson,  with  a  general  declivity  of  about  13  1-4  inches 
per  mile.  It  crosses  the  Harlem  River  on  a  magnificent  and  lofty  bridge 
of  stone,  1450  feet  long,  and  114  feet  above  the  level  of  high  water, 
and  thence  proceeds  through  the  Manhattan  and  Clendening  Valleys,  and 
the  intervening  high  grounds,  to  the  receiving  reservoir  at  86th  Street  in 
Yorkville.  The  masonry  then  gives  place  to  iron  pipes,  through  which 
the  water  is  conveyed  about  two  miles  farther  to  the  distributing  re- 
servoir on  Murray  Hill,  in  42nd  Street.  From  this  point  the  principal 
distributing  pipes  proceed  to  the  extremities  of  the  city,  sending  forth 
at  almost  every  corner,  branches  that  penetrate  the  various  streets,  and 


From  her  haunts  of  deep  seclusion, 
Let  Intemperance  greet  her  too, 

And  the  heat  of  his  delusion 

Sprinkle  with  this  mountain-dew. 

V. 

"  Water  leaps  as  if  delighted, 

While  her  conquered  foes  retire  ! 
Pale  Contagion  flies  affrighted 

With  the  baffled  demon,  Fire  ! 
Safety  dwell;  in  her  dominions, 

Health  and  Beauty  with  her  move, 
And  entwine  their  circling  pinions 

In  a  si.-terhood  of  love. 

VI. 

"  Water  shouts  a  glad  hosanna  ! 

Bubbles  up  the  Earth  to  bless  ! 
Cheer?  it  like  the  precious  manna, 

In  the  barren  wilderness. 
Here  we  wondering  gaze,  assembled 

Like  the  grateful  Hebrew  band, 
When  the  hidden  fountain  trembled, 

And  obeyed  the  Prophet's  wand. 

VII. 

"Round  the  aqueducts  of  story, 

As  the  mists  of  Lethe  throng, 
Croton's  waves,  in  all  their  glory, 

Troop  in  melody  along. 
Ever  sparkling,  bright,  aud  single, 

Will  this  rock-ribbed  stream  appear, 
When  posterity  shall  mingle  in 

Like  the  gathered  waters  here." 


DESCRIPTION. 


41 


Croton  Water  Works. 

in  their  turn  send  forth  subordinate  branches  that  deliver  the  water  into 
the  houses  of  the  citizens.  The  length  of  the  aqueduct  to  the  distribut- 
ing reservoir  is  40  1-2  miles,  but  adding  five  miles  for  the  length  of  the 
reservoir  or  lake,  called  Croton  Lake,  created  by  the  erection  of  the 
dam,  and  four  miles  for  the  length  of  the  main  pipes  extending  to  the 
most  southern  portion  of  the  city,  and  the  whole  length  of  the  Croton 
aqueduct  may  be  estimated  at  about  fifty  miles 

The  formation  of  the  country  through  which  the  aqueduct  passes  pre- 
sented unusual  obstacles  to  the  construction  of  such  a  work.  It  was  ne- 
cessary to  cut  down  hills  and  fill  up  valleys,  to  cross  streams  and  pierce 
through  rocks.  On  the  line  of  the  aqueduct  are  114  culverts,  with  an 
aggregate  length  of  7,959  feet,  and  16  tunnels,  varying  from  160  to  1,263 
feet  in  length,  whose  aggregate  length  is  6,841  feet. 

The  dimensions  of  the  Croton  Aqueduct  are  ample.  At  its  completion, 
the  Commissioners  and  Engineers*  accomplished  a  journey  through  its 
whole  length  on  foot.  At  the  introduction  of  the  water,  a  similar  voyage 
made  by  four  persons  in  the  *  Croton  Maid,"  a  boat  prepared  for  the 
purpose,  gave  evidence  that  no  insignificant  stream  was  flowing  into  the 
city.  The  greatest  interior  width  of  the  aqueduct  is  7  feet  5  inches, 
and  its  greatest  interior  height  S  feet  5  1-2  inches.  It  is  capable  of  dis- 
charging 60,000,000  gallons  daily.  The  Croton  Lake  covers  an  area 
of  about  400  acres,  and  contains  500,000,000  gallons.  The  minimum 
flow  of  water  from  the  Croton  is  27,000,000  gallons  daily,  and  with  the 
aid  of  the  lake,  would  supply  in  long  continued  drought  35,000,000  gal- 
lons daily,  which  would  be  more  than  sufficient  for  twice  the  present  po- 
pulation of  New  York  ;  and,  if  it  ever  becomes  necessary,  other  reservoirs 
can  be  constructed  on  the  river  that  would  furnish  to  the  acqueduct  a 
supply  beyond  its  capacity  for  delivery.  The  receiving  -reservoir  is 
bounded  by  6th  and  7th  Avenues,  and  79th  and  86th  Streets,  covering 
an  area  of  35  acres,  and  containing  150,000,000  gallons.  The  distribut- 
ing reservoir  is  located  on  the  5th  Avenue,  between  40th  and  42d  Streets, 
and  contains  20,000,000  gallons.  These  reservoirs,  as  well  as  the  Har- 
lem river  bridge,  are  objects  cf  great  interest,  and  often  visited  by  citizens 
and  strangers. 

In  magnitude  of  design  and  solidity  of  construction,  the  Croton  Aque- 
duct throws  into  the  shade  all  similar  structures  of  modern  times,  and 
even  rivals  the  Aqua  Marcia  and  the  Anio  Novus  of  ancient  Rome.  As 
an  instance  of  the  liberality  and  enterprize  of  a  free  people  it  stands  pre- 
eminent. It  was  constructed  by  a  single  city,  during  a  period  of  great 
commercial  embarrassment,  and  in  the  face  of  great  natural  difficulties, 


*  The  Chief  Engineer  was  John  B.  Jervis.  Esq. 


42 


DESCRIPTION. 


Croton  Water  Works— New-York  Gas  Works. 

while  yet  in  the  infancy  of  its  growth.  The  citizens  of  New- York  havs 
not-been  satisfied  with  simply  supplying  their  own  wants  at  a  moderate 
cost.  They  have  acted  for  the  benefit  of  future  generations.  The  successful 
accomplishment  of  this  gigantic  undertaking,  at  the  enormous  expense 
of  nine  millions  of  dollars,  has  afforded  them  more  satisfaction  than 
they  could  have  derived  from  any  project,  however  small  the  required 
expenditure,  that  would  merely  have  provided  for  the  present  or  the  early 
future.  They  are,  however,  by  no  means  insensible  to  the  great  bless 
ings  immediately  conferred  by  this  noble  work.  Their  experience  ha? 
already  shown  them  that  sobriety  and  cleanliness  have  been  promoted, 
convenience  and  comfort  enhanced,  the  power  of  disease  lessened,  the  fa 
cilities  of  mechanical  operations  increased,  and  a  protection  against  the 
ravages  of  fire  secured.  But  it  is  peculiarly  for  other  times  that  the  Cro 
ton  rolls  its  waves  into  the  heart  of  a  populous  city.  When  the  whole 
island  of  New-York  shall  be  peopled  with  inhabitants,  and  the  experience 
of  years,  and  perhaps  of  ages,  shall  have  discovered  a  thousand  advan 
tages  not  yet  conceived  of,  and  suggested  a  thousand  new  uses  to  which 
it  may  be  made  subservient,  then,  and  not  till  then,  can  the  value  of  the 
Croton  Aqueduct  be  duly  appreciated.  And  when,  in  ages  still  more  re 
mote,  other  monuments  of  art  shall  have  crumbled  into  dust,  or  present 
the  mere  traces  of  their  former  greatness,  will  the  river  sweep  through  its 
enduring  channels  of  masonry, 

"Monumentum  aereperennius  "* 
of  the  glory  of  New  York. 

But  in  our  subterranean  search  we  discovered  another  set  of  pipes 
smaller  than  those  used  for  the  distribution  of  the  Croton  Water.  Through 
these  is  conveyed  the  gas  used  for  lighting  the  city.  Two  companies  sup- 
ply this  gas,  the  New-York  Gas  Light  Co.  and  the  Manhattan  Gas  Light  Co. 

The  New- York  Gas  Light  Company  was  incorporated  in  1323,  with  a 
capital  of  one  million  of  dollars,  in  shares  of  $50  each.  By  an  agreement 
with  the  municipal  authorities,  the  company  obtained  the  exclusive  right, 
under  certain  conditions,  to  supply  with  gas,  for  thirty  years,  all  that  part 
of  the  city  that  lies  south  of  a  line  running  from  the  East  River,  through 
Grand-street  to  Sullivan-street,  through  Sullivan-street  to  Canal-street, 
and  through  Canal-street  to  the  North  River.  The  principal  streets,  most 
of  the  stores,  and  many  other  buildings  are  thus  lighted.  The  works  of 
this  Company  are  on  the  corner  of  Canal  and  Center  streets,  and  on  the 
corner  of  Hester  and  Center  streets;  but  they  will  soon  be  removed  to  new 
buildings  on  the  East  River,  between  Twenty-first  and  Twenty-second 
streets,  that  are  nearly  completed. 


*  A  monument  more  enduring  than  brass. 


DESCRIPTION. 


Manhattan  Gas  Works — Sewers. 

The  Manhattan  Gas  Light  Company  received  its  charter  Feb.  26,  1830. 

'  Its  original  capital  was  five  hundred  thousand  dollars,  consisting  of  shares 
of  $50  each,  but  on  the  29th  of  April,  1847,  it  was  increased  by  act  of  the 
Legislature  to  one  million  of  dollars.  It  enjoys,  by  virtue  of  a  contract  with 
the  Corporation  similar  to  that  of  the  New-York  Gas  Light  Company, 
made  the  fifth  day  of  May,  1848,  the  sole  privilege  of  lighting  for  twenty 
years  all  that  portion  of  the  city  that  lies  north  of  the  district  assigned  to 
that  Company.  The  Manhattan  Gas  Works  are  situated  at  the  foot  of 
Eighteenth-street,  North  River. 

The  gas  furnished  by  these  companies  is  measured  by  a  piece  of  me- 
chanism, called  a  meter,  which  is  attached  to  each  building.  Connected 
with  the  meter  is  a  cylinder  or  drum,  divided  into  compartments,  each 
holding  a  certain  portion  of  a  cubic  foot.  The  passage  of  the  gas  causes 
this  drum  to  revolve  on  an  axis,  which  gives  motion  to  the  wheel  work  of 
an  index  by  which  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  gas  consumed  is  indicated. 
A  visit  to  the  Gas  Works,  which  are  open  to  public  inspection,  will  well 
reward  the  curious. 

'  The  appearance  which  New- York  presents  on  a  dark  evening,  illumin- 
ated by  its  thousands  of  bright  lights,  is  in  striking  contrast  with  the  exhi- 
bition of  the  first  methods  of  lighting  the  city.  How  would  New- Y  orkers  be 
satisfied  were  every  housekeeper  ordered  to  place  lights  in  the  windows 
fronting  the  respective  streets  in  the  dark  time  of  the  moon  under  the  penalty 
of  nine-pence  for  each  night  of  default,  or,  were  it  enacted,  as  an  improve- 
ment on  this  ordinance,  that  every  seventh  house  should  hang  out  a  pole 
with  a  lantern  and  candle,  and  the  intermediate  six  houses  share  propor- 
tionally in  the  expense.  And  yet  these  two  methods  of  illumination  guided 
the  pathway  of  the  evening  traveler  in  New- York  at  the  commencement 
of  the  last  century.* 

In  addition  to  the  water  and  gas  pipes,  we  beheld,  at  some  distance  be- 
low the  surface  of  the  ground,  a  covered  canal,  which,  from  its  size,  seemed 
intended  for  an  important  purpose.  This  was  one  of  the  sewers  used 
for  the  drainage  of  the  city.  The  sewers  are  constructed  of  hard  brick, 
with  the  joints  laid  close  and  filled  with  mortar.  In  some  cases  hydraulic 
cement  is  used;  and,  when  necessary,  there  is  a  plank  foundation.  They 
are  from  three  to  nine  feet  in  diameter,  about  thirteen  feet  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  and  run  through  many  of  the  streets. 

Such  are  the  general  features  in  a  hasty  glance  at  the  metropolis.  Let 
us  see  by  what  inmates  this  vast  "  human  hive"  is  peopled. 


*  City  Records. 


CHAPTER  II. 


POPULATION. 

The  French  are  descended  from  the  ancient  Gauls,  the  Germans  frorr 
the  old  Teutonic  race,  the  English  from  the  Anglo  Saxons  and  the  Britons  , 
but  Americans — the  blood  of  all  nations  courses  the  veins  of  Americans. 
We  have  extended  our  open  arms  to  all  lands,  and  their  superabundant 
population  has  found  a  welcome  to  our  shores. 

Of  all  places  on  the  American  continent,  the  metropolis  presents  the  great- 
est diversity.  Here  and  there  may  be  seen  the  scattered  remains  of  the  old 
Knickerbocker  race,  who,  in  some  degree,  preserve  their  identity,  and  look 
with  jealous  eye  upon  the  innovations  of  their  Eastern  neighbors,  whose 
enterprize  and  activity  have  nearly  engrossed  the  whole  trade  of  the  city. 
But  New-York  is  pre-eminently  the  point  to  which  foreigners  direct  their 
course.  All  races,  from  "  the  green  isle  of  the  ocean"  to  the  scorching 
sands  of  the  desert,  may  find  their  representatives  in  this  comprehensive 
emporium. 

Diversity  is  not  the  only  peculiar  feature  of  the  population  of  New-York. 
It  is  numerous.  Nearly  half  a  million  of  human  beings  now  people  the 
shores  that  two  centuries  ago  were  trod  by  a  few  hundred  traders.  About 
nineteen  twentieths  of  this  increase  has  accrued  since  the  revolution,  under 
the  influence  of  republican  institutions,  presenting  an  instance  of  growth 
in  population  not  to  be  met  with  in  the  history  of  any  country  of  the  old 
world. 

Quinquennial  enumerations  are  made  of  the  population  of  New-York  ; 
the  general  government  taking  a  census  every  ten  years,  and  the  State  eveiy 
alternate  five  years. 

The  following  table,  exhibiting  its  population  at  different  periods  since 
the  year  165G,  is  a  history  of  its  rapid  growth  : — 


YEARS.  «  POPULATION. 

~Tfi:>6  i  ,ono 

1073  2.500 

10%  4,302 

1731  8,028 

1750  10,3-1 

1773  21,870 

178C  23,614 

ni»0  33,131 

1"00  00,181) 


YEARS.  POPULATION 

1805  75,570 

1810  90,373 

1816  100,619 

1820  123,706 

1825  166.086 

1830  202,589 

1835    270,089 

1840  312,852 

18-15  371,223 


POPULATION. 


45 


Census  of  1845. 


By  this  table  we  see  that  the  population  of  New- York  in  1845  was 
371,223.  It  doubtless  now  considerably  exceeds  400,000.  By  the  census 
of  1S45,  there  were  in  the  city, 


It  is  interesting  to  look  back  to  estimates  made  in  former  years,  as  to  the 
probable  population  of  New- York  in  1850,  and  find  the  prophecies  of  the 
most  sanguine  more  than  fulfilled  by  the  reality  ;  and,  while  the  causes  of 
its  rapid  increase  in  population  still  exist,  we  are  justified  in  making  large 
calculations  for  its  future  growth.  But  we  are  getting  beyond  the  limits  of 
the  present,  and  m  we  therefore  pass  onto  ascertain,  how  the  dissimilar 
elements  that  compose  the  population  of  New- York,  are  kept  in  a  state  of 
order  and  tranquillity. 


180,472  males. 
190,751  females. 
63,927  voters. 


128,492  foreigners. 

12,913  colored  persons. 
1,957  paupers. 


57,804  married  females  under  45  yrs. 
45,674  unmarried  between  16  and  45  years. 
70,003  children  between  5  and  16  years. 

2,556  marriages  during  the  year. 
13,234  births,  "  « 

6,293  deaths.         «  " 


CHAPTER  [II. 


GOVERNMENT. 

The  problem  of  most  governments  has  been,  hew  shall  the  people  be 
kept  in  due  subjection  ;  and  this  problem  has  often  been  solved  in  blood. 
But  the  question  has  never  arisen  in  the  councils  of  New- York,  whether 
force  or  persuasion  were  the  best  means  of  strengthening  authority.  The 
people  have  taken  it  for  granted,  and  have  acted  on  the  conviction;  that 
they  were  capable  of  governing  themselves — an  idea  that  seems  to  have 
never  entered  the  minds  of  monarchs  or  aristocrats. 

It  is  now  admitted  among  republicans,  that  a  government  in  which  the 
legislative  power  is  vested  in  two  bodies,  acting  in  a  measure  indepen- 
dently of  each  other,  and  each  opposing  checks  to  the  power  of  the  other, 
is  the  safest  and  most  stable.  Our  municipal  governments,  as  well  as 
those  of  the  States,  and  of  the  Union,  are  founded  upon  this  principle. 
New- York  furnishes  no  exception.  Its  charter  vests  the  legislative  autho- 
rity in  a  Board  of  Aldermen  and  a  Board  of  Assistant  Aldermen,  who  to- 
gether form  the  Common  Council  of  the  City.  These,  with  the  Mayor,  who 
represents  the  executive  power,  are  elected  on  the  second  Tuesday  in 
April  of  each  year,  and  are  sworn  into  office  on  the  second  Tuesday  in 
May  thereafter.  The  city  is  divided  into  eighteen  Wards,  each  of  which 
is  entitled  to  elect  one  Alderman  and  one  Assistant  Alderman.  Its  juris- 
diction extends  to  the  surrounding  waters  as  far  as  low  water  mark  on 
the  opposite  shores.* 

The  buildings  situated  in  the  Park  form  the  central  point  of  the  City 
Government  and  of  the  administration  of  justic  \ 

The  City  Hall,  one  of  the  most  imposing  edifices  in  the  Union,  stands 
nearly  in  the  center  of  the  Park,  with  a  spacious  area  around  it.  Its  cor- 
nerstone was  laid  September  26,  1803,  with  due  ceremonies,  for  the  ex- 
pense of  which,  the  certainly  not  extravagant  appropriation  of  fifty  dollars 
was  made.  It  was  completed  in  1812,  at  an  expense  of  $538, "34.  The 
oit  /ens  of  .Yew- York  were  then  more  moderate  in  their  calculations,  as  to 


*  City  Charter. 


GOVERNMENT. 


47 


Public  Buildings— Police  Department. 

the  growth  of  the  city,  than  at  present.  The  rear  of  the  City  Hall  would, 
in  their  opinion,  never  be  seen  by  many  residing  above  Chambers-street 
Accordingly,  while  the  front  and  ends  of  the  building  were  constructed  of 
white  marble,  they  exhibited  their  economy  by  building  the  rear  of  brown 
freestone.  The  City  Hall  consists  of  two  stories  of  the  Ionic  and  Corin- 
thian orders.  Its  length  is  216  feet,  its  width  105  feet,  and  its  height  65 
feet.  A  cupola,  of  the  Composite  order,  surmounted  by  a  colossal  figure 
of  Justice,  rises  from  the  center  of  the  roof.  In  the  rear  of  this,  is  a  smaller 
cupola,  containing  a  bell,  weighing  9.800  pounds,  used  for  sounding 
alarms.*  This  building  contains  the  Council  Chambers  of  the  different 
Boards  of  the  City  Government,  the  Governor's  Room,  the  apartments  of 
most  of  the  Courts  of  Law,  and  various  Public  Offices.  The  Governor's 
Room,  and  the  rooms  of  the  Common  Council,  are  furnished  in  an  elegant 
manner,  and  decorated  with  the  portraits  of  characters,  eminent  in  the 
annals  of  the  City  or  of  the  Country. 

The  Hall  of  Records,  standing  east  of  the  City  Hall,  and  somewhat 
in  the  rear,  was  formerly  the  Debtors'  Prison,  and  not  an  elegant  structure. 
While  the  cholera  raged  in  the  city,  in  1S32,  it  was  used  as  a  hospital. 
Having  been  remodelled,  and  stuccoed  in  imitation  of  white  marble,  it  is 
now  a  beautiful  specimen  of  architecture.  A  colonnade  of  six  Ionic 
columns  adorns  each  end  of  the  building,  which  is  constructed  after  the 
model  of  the  temple  at  Ephesus.  Its  length  is  104,  and  its  width  62  feet. 
As  its  name  indicates,  it  is  the  depository  of  the  archives  of  the  City,  but 
it  likewise  contains  many  public  offices. 

Thi  New  City  Hall,  a  plain  building,  260  feet  long  and  49  feet  wid^, 
standing  on  Chambers-street,  in  the  rear  of  the  City  Hall,  was  formerly  the 
Alms  House,  but  nowcontains  the  rooms  of  the  United  States  District  and 
the  Marine  Courts  and  various  offices. 

I 

But  in  New- York  it  is  not  merely  found  necessary  to  enact  laws  and 
affix  to  them  proper  penalties  ;  a  most  efficient  organization  for  the  pre- 
vention of  crime  and  the  detection  of  offenders  is  indispensible.  A  large 
city  furnishes  peculiar  facilities  for  the  operations  of  the  thief  and  the  bur- 
glar. For  the  safety  of  life  and  property,  it  is  necessary  that  due  precau- 
tions should  be  taken  to  guard  every  point,  and  energetic  efforts  made  to 
ferret  out  from  their  lurking-places,  those  who  live  by  depredations  upon 
their  fellov-men. 

The  Police  Department  of  the  City  of  New- York  furnishes  this  safe- 
guard to  the  citizens.  It  is  under  the  supervision  of  the  Mayor  and  Com  • 
mon  Council.    The  head  of  the  department  is  called  the  Chief  of  Police, 


*  This  is  undoubtedly  the  largest  bell  in  the  country 


48 


GOVERNMENT. 


Police  Department. 


and  has  for  several  years  been  represented  in  the  person  of  Geo.  W.  Matsell, 
Esq.,  whose  office  is  at  the  S.  W.  corner  ol  the  New  City  Hall.  Each 
Ward  contains  a  Police  Station  House,  and  is  a  patrol  district  to  which 
is  assigned  a  particular  number  of  Policemen,  under  the  superintendence 
of  a  Captain  and  two  Assistant  Captains  of  the  Police.  The  following 
table  gives  the  locations  of  all  the  Station  Houses  in  the  City. 

1st  Ward,  Franklin  Market,  up  stairs.  11th  Ward,  Union  Market. 

2d  Ward,  70  Beekman  street.  12th  Ward,  3  station  houses — House  of  De- 

3d  Ward,  33  Robinson  street.  tention,  Harlem,  Bloomingdale, 

4th  Ward,  9  Oak  street.  and  Yorkvil! 


5th  Ward,  48  Leonard  street. 
6th  Ward,  Halis  of  Justice. 
7th  Ward,  corner  of  Pike  and  South  sts. 
8th  Ward,  cor.  of  Prince  aud  Wooster  sts, 
9th  Ward,  Jerferson  Market. 
10th  Ward,  Essex  Market. 


13th  Ward  cor.  Attorney  and  Delancey  sts. 

14th  Ward,  Center  Market. 

15th  Ward,  2*20  Mercer  street. 

16th  Ward,  20th  st.  bet.  7th  and  8th  av. 

17th  Ward,  cor.  of  Third  st.  and  Bowery. 

18th  Ward,  29th  st.  between  4th  and  5th  av. 


For  the  convenience  of  the  public  certain  stations  are  also  desig* 
•rated  in  each  Ward,  where  a  Policeman  can  always  be  found  on  duty 
from  sunrise  to  sunset  according  to  the  following  table  of  the 

DAY  STATIONS  OF  POLICEMEN. 

First  Ward.— Merchants'  Exchange  on  Wall  street,  Post  Office,  and  South  Ferry. 
Second  Ward. — Broadway,  corner  of  Ann  street,  and  at  Fulton  Ferry. 
Third  Ward. — Cortlaudt  street  Ferry,  Barclay  st.  Ferry  and  Washington  Market. 
Fourth  Ward. — Peck  Slip  Ferry,  and  at  Catharine  Ferry. 

Fifth  Ward. — Broadway,  corner  of  CanSl  street,  and  West  street,  corner  of  Hob o- 
keu  street. 

Sixth  Ward. — Bowery,  corner  of  B.iyard  street,  at  the  Five  Points,  (2  Policemen,) 
in  the  Park,  and  ou  ea?^  side  of  Broadway,  from  Park  to  Caual  street. 

Seventh  Ward. — East  Broad »v ay,  corner  of  Catharine  street,  and  Walnut,  corner 
of  Monroe  street. 

Eighth  Ward. — South- we* t  corner  of  Laurens  and  Grand  streets,  and  North-west 
corner  of  Charlton  and  Variek  streets. 

Ninth  Ward. — Curistopher  street  Ferry,  aud  corner  of  Horatio  and  Fourth  streets. 

Tenth  Ward. — Bowery,  corner  of  Grand  St.,  and  Forsyth,  corner  of  Division  street. 

Eleventh  Ward. — Houston  street  Ferry,  and  Tenth  street,  corner  of  Avenue  D. 

Twelfth  Ward. — 42d  street,  and  Manhattanville,  corner  of  Blooraingdale  Road. 

Thirteenth  Ward. — Clinton,  corner  of  Division  streets,  aud  at  Grand  street  Ferry. 

Fourteenth  Ward. — Bowery,  corner  of  Broome  street,  aud  Mulberry,  corner  of 
Walker  street,  and  Broadway,  corner  of  Grand-street. 

Fifteenth  Ward. — University  Place,  corner  of  Twelfth  street. 

Sixteenth  Ward. — 30th  street,  corner  of  7th  Avenue,  and  38th  street,  corner  9th 
Avenue. 

Seventeenth  Ward. — Houston,  corner  of  First  street,  and  3d  Avenue,  corner  of 
10th  street. 

Eighteenth  Ward. — Stuyvesant  Square,  and  foot  of  *23rd  street,  East  River. 

The  police  department  of  New-York  numbers  about  nine  hundred  men, 
and  is  kept  on  foot  at  an  annual  expense  of  more  than  half  a  million  of 
dollars.  So  perfect  is  the  organization  that  those  that  frequent  the  haunts 
of  vice,  are  watched,  and  the  proofs  of  their  identification  obtained  ; 
and  seldom  is  it  possible  for  a  noted  offender  to  remain  undetected  in  the 
oity. 


GOVERNMENT. 


49 


Police  Department. 

Connected  with  the  police  department  are  three  police  courts.  To 
designate  the  limits  of  the  jurisdiction  of  each  court,  the  city  is  divided 
into  three  districts ;  the  First,  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  Fifth  and  Sixth 
Wards  composing  the  first;  the  Eighth,  Ninth,  Twelfth,  Fifteenth,  Six- 
teenth and  Eighteenth  Wards  composing  the  second  ;  and  the  Seventh, 
Tenth,  Eleventh,  Thirteenth,  Fourteenth  and  Seventeenth  Wards  com- 
posing the  third  district.  The  police  office  of  the  first  district  is  at  the 
Halls  of  Justice,  in  Center-street ;  that  of  the  second  at  Jefferson  Market; 
and  that  of  the  third  at  Essex  Market.  Two  justices  are  attached  to 
each  court,  whose  duties  are  to  examine  offenders,  and  to  commit  them, 
if  there  be  sufficient  proof  of  their  crime,  to  the  Court  of  Sessions. 
Transgressors,  of  every  age,  sex,  color  and  condition  of  life,  are  brought 
before  these  courts  of  examination,  to  answer  to  the  charges  preferred 
against  them.  Probably  there  could  be  no  better  scene  for  observing  the 
varied  modifications  of  human  character. 

The  Halls  of  Justice,  embracing  the  whole  of  the  block  bounded  by 
Center,  Leonard,  Elm  and  Franklin  streets,  are  the  center  of  the  police 
operations  of  the  city.  The  main  edifice,  devoted  to  court  and  police 
rooms  and  offices  connected  with  the  department,  stands  on  Center-street 
and  forms,  with  several  smaller  buildings  and  walls  on  the  lines  of  the 
other  streets,  an  enclosure  containing  the  house  of  detention,  in  which 
prisoners  awaiting  trial  are  confined.  The  buildings  are  of  Egyptian 
architecture,  and  constructed  of  a  light  colored  granite :  but  the  idea 
of  gloom  in  their  appearance  has  given  to  them  the  general  appellation  of 
"  The  Tombs."  The  whole  block  is  253  feet  3  inches  long,  and  200  feet 
5  inches  wide.  The  house  of  detention  is  142  feet  long,  and  45  wide, 
and  contains  148  cells  for  prisoners.  Strangers  or  citizens  are  allowed 
.admission  to  the  different  departments  between  the  hours  of  10  A.  M. 
and  3  P.  M.  The  friends  of  prisoners  are  allowed  to  visit  them  daily. 
The  low  tract  of  ground  that  forms  the  site  of  the  Halls  of  Justice  and 
the  surrounding  buildings,  was  formerly  a  fresh  water  pond,  called  "  the 
Collect,"  or,  according  to  the  Butch  orthography,  "  the  Kolck,"  having  an 
outlet  by  a  creek  that  ran  along  the  present  line  of  Canal-street  to  the 
North  River.  But  the  creek  and  the  surrounding  marshes  exist  now 
only  in  history  ;  and  the  solid  ground  to  which  they  have  given  place,  is 
covered  with  crowded  blocks  of  buildings.  The  foundations  for  the 
Halls  of  Justice  were  rendered  secure,  by  sinking  heavy  timbers  for  some 
distance  below  the  water  level,  and  by  introducing  inverted  arches  into 
the  masonry.  A  short  visit  to  this  abode  of  the  vicious,  will  convince 
the  most  incredulous  of  the  activity  of  the  police  department  as  it  regards 
offenders.  3 


GOVERNMENT. 


Police  Department. 

The  enforcing  of  criminal  laws  does  not  embrace  all  the  duties  of  the 
police  department.  There  are  various  enactments  regulating  parti- 
cular  lines  of  business,  the  supervision  of  which  belongs  to  the  Police.  O. 
these,  the  principal  are  those  relating  to  Hackney  Coaches,  Carts,  Omni' 
buses  and  Markets. 

The  following  are  the  legal  rates  of  carriage  fare,  of  porterage,  and  ol 
cartage  : — 

REGULATIONS  AND  RATES  OF  FARE 

OF  HACKNEY  COACHES  AND  CARBIAGES. 

1.  For  conveying  a  passenger  any  distance  not  exceeding  one  mile,  twenty-five 
cents  ;  for  conveying  two  passengers  the  same  distance,  fifty  cents,  or  twenty-fiv  e  cents 
each;  and  every  additional  passenger,  twenty-five  cents. 

2.  For  conveying  a  passenger  any  distance  exceeding  a  mile,  and  within  two  miles, 
fifty  cents  ;  and  for  every  additional  passenger  twenty-five  cents. 

3.  For  conveying  one  passenger  to  the  New  Alms  House,  fifty  cents ;  and  for  return- 
ing, fifty  cents  ;  for  conveying  two  passengers  the  same  distance,  seventy-five  cents  foi 
the  two;  and  twenty-five  cents  going,  and  twenty-five  cents  returning,  for  every  addi- 
tional passenger. 

4.  For  conveying  one  passenger  to  Forty-second  street,  and  remaining  half  an  hour 
and  returning,  one  dollar ;  and  for  every  additional  passenger  twenty-five  cents. 

5.  For  conveying  one  passenger  to  Sixty-first  street,  and  remaining  three  quarters 
of  an  hour  and  returning,  one  dollar  aud  fifty  cents;  and  for  every  additional  passen- 
ger, thirty-seven  and  a  half  cents. 

6.  For  conveying  one  passenger  to  Eighty-sixth  street,  and  remaining  an  hour  and* 
roturning,  two  dollars  :  and  for  every  additional  passenger,  fifty  cents. 

7.  For  conveying  one  or  more  passengers  to  Harlem,  and  returning,  with  the  privi- 
lege of  remaining  three  hours,  four  dollars. 

8.  For  conveying  one  or  more  passengers  to  King's  Bridge,  and  returning,  with  the 
privilege  of  keeping  the  carriage  all  day,  five  dollars. 

9.  For  the  use  of  a  Hackney  Coach  or  Carriage  by  the  day,  with  one  or  more  pas- 
sengers, five  dollars. 

10.  For  the  usg  of  a  Hackney  Coach  or  Carriage,  by  the  hour,  with  one  or  more 
passengers,  with  the  privilege  of  going  from  place  to  place,  and  of  stopping  as  often  as 
may  be  required,  as  follows,  viz  : — for  the  first  hour,  one  dollar ;  for  the  second  hour, 
seventy-five  cents  ;  and  for  every  succeeding  hour  fifty  cents. 

11.  For  children  between  two  and  fourteen  years  of  agp,  half  price  only  is  to  be 
charged  ;  and  for  children  under  two  years  of  age,  no  charge  is  to  be  made. 

12.  Whenever  a  Hackney  Coach,  or  Carriage,  shall  be  detained,  excepting  as  afore- 
said, the  owner  or  driver  shall  be  allowed  after  the  rate  of  seventy-five  cents  for  an 
hour,  thirty-seven  and  a  half  cents  for  each  and  every  subsequent  hour,  and  so  on  in 
proportion  for  any  part  of  the  first  and  subsequent  hour  which  the  same  may  be  so 
detained.' 

13.  For  attending  a  funeral  within  the  Lamp  aud  Watch  District,  two  dollars,  and 
the  Potter's  Field,  three  dollars  ;  which  charge  shall  include  for  the  necessary  deten- 
tion and  returning  with  passengers. 

14.  Every  driver  or  owner  of  a  Hackney  Coach  or  Carriage,  shall  carry,  transport, 
and  convey  in  and  upon  his  Coach  or  Carriage,  in  addition  to  the  person  or  persons 
therein,  one  trunk,  valise,  saddle-ba:r,  enrpet-ba?.  portmanteau  or  box,  if  he  be  re- 
quested so  to  do,  for  each  passenger,  without  charge  or  compensation  therefor,  but 
for  every  trunk  or  other  such  articles  above  named,  more  than  one  for  each  passenger, 
he  shall  be  entitled  to  demand  and  receive  the  sum  of  six  cents. 

15.  In  case  of  disagreement  as  to  distance  or  price,  the  same  shall  be  determined  by 
the  Mayor  or  Superintendent  of  Hackney  Coaches  and  Carriages. 

1G.  The  owner  of  any  Hackney  Coach  or  Carriage,  shall  not  demand  or  receive  any 
pay  for  the  conveyance  of  any  passenger,  unless  the  number  of  the  carriage,  und  the 
rates  and  prices  of  fare,  shall  be  fixed'  and  placed  in  a  manner  hereinafter  directed  by 
section  second  of  title  fourth  of  this  law,  at  the  time  such  passenger  may  be  conveved 
in  such  Carriage. 

17.  The  owner  or  driver  of  any  Hackney  Coach  or  Carriage,  shall  not  be  entitled  to 


GOVERNMENT. 


51 


Police  Department. 

recover  or  receive  any  pay  from  any  person  from  whom  he  shall  have  demanded  any 
greater  price  or  rates  than  he  may  be  authorized  to  receive  as  aforesaid. 

18.  Upon  the  trial  of  any  cause  commenced  for  the  recovery  of  any  of  the  aforesaid 
orices  or  rates,  it  shall  be  incumbent  upon  the  plaintiff  or  plaintiffs  in  such  action,  to 
Drove  that  the  number  and  prices  of  rates  were  placed  and  fixed  in  pursuance  of  the 
irovisious  of  this  law  at  the  time  the  services  were  rendered  for  which  the  suit  may  be 
)rought. 

19.  No  owner  or  driver  of  any  Hackney  Coach  or  Carriage,  in  the  City  of  New-York, 
ihall  ask,  demand  or  receive,  any  larger  sum  than  he  or  they  may  be  entitled  to  re- 
vive as  aforesaid,  under  the  penalty  of  ten  dollars  for  every  such  offence,  to  be  sued 
or  and  recovered  from  the  owner  or  owners,  or  drivers,  of  any  such  Hackney  Coach 
>r  Carriage,  severally  and  respectively. 

REGULATIONS  AND  RATES  OF  PORTERAGE. 

§  1.  The  prices  and  rates  to  be  taken  by,  or  paid  to,  the  public  porters  or  handcart - 
nen,  shall  be  as  follows,  to  wit : 
For  carrying  a  load  upon  a  wheelbarrow — 

1.  For  any  distance  not  exceeding  half  a  mile,  twelve  and  a  half  cents. 

2.  For  any  distance  over  half  a  mile,  and  not  exceeding  a  mile,  twenty-five  cents  ; 
ind  in  proportion  for  any  greater  distance. 

For  carrying  a  load  upon  a  handbarrow — 

1.  For  any  distance  not  exceeding  half  a  mile,  twenty-five  cents. 

2.  For  any  distance  over  half  a  mile,  and  not  exceeding  a  mile,  forty-four  cents  } 
md  in  that  proportion  for  any  greater  distance. 

For  carting  a  load  in  a  handcart — 

1.  For  any  distance  not  exceeding  half  a  mile,  eighteen  cents. 

2.  For  any  distance  over  a  half  a  mile,  and  not  exceeding  a  mile,  thirty-one  cents  j 
md  in  that  proportion  for  any  greater  distance. 

§  2.  No  public  porter  or  handcartman  shall  ask,  demand,  or  receive  any  greater  rate 
tr  price  for  transporting  any  article  or  articles,  than  is  herein  allowed,  under  the  pen- 
ilty  of  five  dollars  for  each  offence. 

§  3.  No  public  porter  or  handcartman  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  or  recover  any 
>ay  or  fare  from  any  person  from  whom  he  shall  have  asked  or  demanded  any  greater 
>rice  or  rates  than  he  may  be  authorized  to  receive  by  this  title. 

§  4.  No  public  porter  or  handcartman  shall  be  entitled  to  recover  or  receive  any 
>ay  or  fare  from  any  person  for  the  transportation  of  any  article  or  articles,  unless  his 
lame  and  the  number  of  his  license,  and  the  rates  shall  be  fixed,  and  the  badge  worn, 
igreeably  to  sections  fifth  and  sixth,  of  the  first  title  of  the  chapter. 

§  5.  Upon  the  trial  of  any  cause  commenced  for  the  recovery  of  any  of  the  aforesaid 
>rices  or  rates,  it  shall  be  incumbent  on  the  plaintiff  in  such  action,  to  prove  that  the 
»adge  was  worn,  and  the  prices  fixed  agreeably  to  the  sections  mentioned  in  the  last 
•receding  section,  at  the  time  the  services  were  rendered  for  which  the  suit  was 
trought.* 

REGULATIONS  AND  RATES  OF  CARTAGE. 
fHE  prices  or  rates  to  be  taken  by  Cartmen  for  the  loading,  carrying,  and  unloading 


>f  goods,  wares,  merchandise  and  other  things,  are  as  follows: 

Lie  or  beer,  every  hogshead  from  sixty  to  ninety  gallons   $0  31£ 

Mum  or  Copperas,  every  hogshead  from  twelve  to  fifteen  hundred  weight      .  0  38$ 

Uum  or  Copperas,  every  hogshead  over  one  ton  weight   0  70 

3read,  every  four  tierces   0  3H 

Sticks,  every  load   0  31$ 

iricks,  every  load  handed  and  piled   0  38$ 

loards,  plank  and  scantling,  or  other  timber,  every  load   0  31$ 

3eef  or  Pork,  every  five  barrels   0  3l| 

tables,  half  shot,  from  five  to  seven  inches  in  circumference    ....  0  38$ 

tables,  whole  shot        do.         do.  do.  do   0  78$ 

tables,  half  shot,  from  seven  to  ten  do.  do   0  93$ 

tables,  whole  shot        do.         do.  do.  do   1  87i 

Sables,  half  shot,  of  ten,  and  not  exceeding  twelve  inches  in  circumference    .  2  18| 


*  Law  to  resrulate  Public  Porters  and  Handcartmen. — Chap.  LVI.  Tittle  II. 


52 


GOVERNMENT. 


Police  Department. 

Cables,  whole  shot,  of  twelve,  and  not  exceeding  fourteen  inches  in  circumference  3  12£ 

Cables,  half  shot,  of  the  two  last  preceding  dimensions      -       •       •       •       •  J  56{ 

Cable*  half  shot,  of  fourteen,  and  not  exceeding  fifteen  inches  in     do..       .  187* 

Cables,  whole  shot,  of  fourteen,  and  not  exceeding  fifteen  inches  in    do.  .  3  75 

Cables,  half  shot,  of  above  fifteen  inches  in  circumference       .       .       .       .  2  50 

Cablet,  whole  shot     do.  do.  do   5  00 

Calves,  sheep,  lambs,  every  load   «  38$ 

Cider,  cheese,  cocoa,  every  load  '   no. 

Clay  or  sand,  every  twelve  bushels   n 

Coal,  everv  half  chaldron  or  half  ton   0  38} 

Coffee,  in  bags  or  barrels,  every  load  .       .       .       .       .       .       .       .       .  0  31$ 

Coffee,  every  hogshead  over  one  thousand  weight   0  3&J 

Cordage,  small,  every  load   jj  31  \ 

Cotton,  every  three  bales   0  311 

Dry  wood,  every  load   0  31  Jr 

K  art  he  n  ware  (loose,)  every  load   0  38$ 

European  goods,  every  load   .  0  31 V 

Firewood,  every  load   J  * 

Fish,  dried,  (loose,)  every  load   0  38$ 

Flaxseed,  every  three  tierces   0  31$ 

Flour,  every  twelve  bags  or  seven  barrels   0  3^-4 

Furniture,  household,  and  housing  every  load   0  93$ 

Clam  men  or  hams,  every  load   0  31$ 

Hay,  in  bales,  bundles,  or  trusses,  every  load   0  38$ 

Hay,  (loose,)  every  load   0  08^ 

Heading  or  Staves,  every  load   0  3F$ 

Hemp,  in  bales  or  bundles,  every  load   0  332 

Hemp,  (loose.)  every  twelve  hundred  weight   0  62] 

Hides,  every  fifty     0  38j 

Hoops,  in  bundles,  every  load   0  31] 

Hoop-poles,  every  load  ............0  33| 

Iron,  hollow-ware,  every  load   0  38ij 

Iron,  bar,  everv*  load   0  36$ 

Leather,  sole,  every  hundred  sides   0  47$ 

Molasses,  every  hogshead  from  sixty  to  ninety  gallons   0  38$ 

Rtolaases,  every  hogshead  from  ninety  to  one  hundred  and  forty  gallons  .       .  0  55 

Oil,  every  three  barrels  .    0  31$ 

Oysters,  oyster  shells,  or  pantiles,  every  load   0  38$ 

Paints  or  whiting,  every  hogshead,  from  twelve  to  fifteen  hundred  weight      .  0  38$ 

Paints  or  whiting,  over  one  ton  weight   .       .  0  70 

Paints,  whiting  or  Pimento,  every  load   0  31$ 

Plaster  of  Paris,  every  ton   0  b*2} 

Potash,  every  three  barrels   0  31$ 

Rum,  every  hogshead   0  47 

Salt,  every  twenty  bushels   0  31$ 

Shingles,  ID  bundles,  long  cedar  or  pine,  every  load   0  31$ 

Shingles,  cypress,  twenty-two  inches,  every  two  thousand        .       .       .       .  0  47 

Stone,  paving  or  building,  every  load   0  31$ 

Stone,  rut,  every  load   6  38$ 

Sugar,  Havana,  every  three  boxes   0  3SJ 

Sugar,  every -hogshead,  from  nine  to  fifteen  hundred  weight     ....  0  38$ 

Suirar,  every  hogshead  over  one  ton  weight   0  70 

Tar,  pitch,  or  turpentine,  over  five  barrels  .       ...  ...  0  31$ 

Tar,  every  load   ...  0  38$ 

Tiles  or  slates,  every  load   0  38$ 

Tobacco,  every  common  hogshead   0  38$ 

Tobacco,  every  hog>head  over  one  ton  weight   0  70 

Wheat,  or  other  grain,  every  load   0  31$ 

Wine,  gin.  or  brandy,  every  pipe  over  one  hundred  gallons    .       .       .       .  0  47 

Wine,  every  four  quarter  casks   0  47 

And  for  every  load  of  goods,  wares,  merchandise,  or  other  things  not  above 

enumerated   0  31} 

In  all  cases  where  the  distance  exceeds  half  a  mile,  and  does  not  exceed  two  miles, 
the  curtmeii  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  one-third  more  for  every  additional  half  mile  ho 
•  null  curl  or  transport  them 


GOVERNMENT. 


53 


Police  Department. 

If  any  cartman  shall  ask,  demand,  receive,  take,  exact  or  extort  any  greater  rate  or 
rates,  price  or  prices,  or  compensation  for  carting1  or  transporting  any  goods,  wares, 
merchandise,  firewood,  or  other  things,  than  is  mentioned,  expressed,  and  limited  in 
the  provisions  of  this  title,  he  shall  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  five  dollars  for  every 
sucli  offence. 

If  any  cartman  shall  ask  or  demand  any  greater  rate  or  price  than  is  above  provided 
and  allowed,  for  the  transportation  of  any  goods,  wares  or  merchandise,  he  shall  not  be 
entitled  to  receive  any  compensation,  for  any  such  services. 

No  cartman  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  cart,  or  employ  his  horse  and  cart,  or  sled,  in 
the  transportation  of  any  articles  whatever,  when  required,  unless  he  be  then  actually 
otherwise  employed,  or  unless  the  distance  he  shall  be  required  to  go  shall  be  more  than 
four  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  under  a  penalty  or  five  dollars  for  every  such  offence.* 

Complaints  of  any  violation  of  these  laws  can  be  made  at  the  Mayor's  Office,  in  the 
City  Hall,  or  at  the  office  of  the  Chief  of  Police,  in  the  New  City  Hall. 


The  omnibuses  are  also  regulated  by  law  ;  no  omnibus  being  allowed 
to  run  without  a  license.  There  are  at  present  in  the  city  465  omnibuses, 
paying  an  aggregate  sum  of  more  than  eight  thousand  dollars. 


The  following  Table 

gives  the 

LINES  OF  OMNIBUSES. 

Names  of  Lines  and 
Proprietors. 

Routes. 

No.  OF 
Stages. 

Bellevue  Line, 
Hatfield  &  Bertine. 

From  cor.  of  28th-st.  and  First  Avenue,  througl 
First  Av.,  Houston-st..  the  Bowery,  Chatham 
Nassau.,  and  Broad  streets,  to  the  South  Ferry 

15 

B'dale  &  Manhat'nv'le  L, 
Benjamin  Moore. 

From  Manhattanville  to  the  Bowery,  through, 
the  Bowery  and  Chatham-st.,  to  Tyron  Row. 

8 

Broadway  Line, 
Cornell  &  Turnure. 

From  cor.  of  27th-st,  and  Broadway,  througl 
Broadway  and  Whitehall-st.,  to  South  Ferry 

25 

B'dway  &  Fourth  Av.  L., 
Hatfield  &  Wilkms.  , 

From  cor.  of  32d-st.  and  Fourth  Av.,  through 
Fourth  Avenue.  Broadway,  and  Whitehall-st.. 
to  the  South  Ferry. 

25 

Bull's  Head  Line, 
Concklin  &  Brother. 

From  corner  of  23th-street  and  Third  Avenue, 
through  Third  Avenue.  Bowory.  Chatham -st.. 
Broadwjy,  and  Whitehall-st.,  to  the  South 
Ferry. 

28 

Chelsea  Line, 
Kipp  &  Brown. 

From  corner  of  23d-strcet,  and  Ninth  Avenue, 
through  Ninth  Avenue,  Hudson  and  Canal- 
streets,  and  Broadway,  to  the  Bowling  Green. 

33 

Cortlandt-street  Line, 
Freeman.  Ludlam  &.  Jim- 
merson. 

From  Houston-st.  Ferry,  through  Houston  and 
Second-sts..  Bowery,  Bleecker-st..  Broadway, 
and  Cortlandt-st.,  to  the  Jersey  City  Ferry, 

12 

Croton  Line, 
Curtis,  McLelland  &  Mar- 
shall. 

From  corner  of  42d-street  and  Fifth  Avenue, 
through  Fifth  Avenue,  11  th-street.  University 
Place,  13  th-street,  Broadway,  and  Fulton-st.,to 
the  Fulton  Ferry. 

13 

*  Law  to  regulate  Carts  and  Cartmen.   Chapter  LV.  Title,  III 


54 

GOVERNMENT. 

Police  Department. 

Names  of  Lives  and 
Proprietors. 

Routes. 

No.  OF 

Stages. 

Eighth  Avenue  Line. 
John  O'Keefe  &  Duryea. 

From  Southerly  end  of  the  Park,  through  Broad- 
way. Canal,  and  Hudson  streets,  and  8th  Ave- 
nue, to  4Sth-street, 

15 

Empire  Line. 
Nott.  Raibold,  &  An- 
drews. 

From  the  corner  of  34th-street  and  Sixth  Ave- 
nue, through  Sixth  Avenue.  Xinth-street. 
Broadway,  and  Whitehall-*!,  to  South  Ferry. 

15 

For  R  ]  H-STRFET  LlNF. 

Curtis  Pullis,  &c  McLel- 
land. 

From  the  corner  of  21st-street  and  Seventh  Ave- 
nue, through  Seventh  Avenue.  Greenwich 
Avenue.  Sixth  Avenue,  and  Fourth-street. 
Broadway,  and  Fulton-st..  to  the  Fulton  Ferry. 

10 

Ft" etox  Line. 
Curtis.  Pullis,  &  McLel- 
land. 

From  the  corner  of  21?t-street  and  Seventh  Ave- 
nue, through  Seventh  Avenue.  Greenwich 
Avenue.  Sixth  Avenue.  Amity  street.  Broad- 
way, and  Fulton-street,  to  the  Fulton  Ferry, 

14 

Greenwich  Line* 
Kipp  &  Brown. 

• 

From  the  corner  of  30th- street  and  Tenth  Avenue, 
through  30th-street.  Ninth  Avenue.  Hudson. 
Chambers,  and  Greenwich  streets,  to  Batterv 
Place. 

12 

Harlem  Line. 
Murphy  &  Kavanagh. 

From  Harlem  Bridge,  through  Third  Avenue. 
Bowery,  and  Chatham -street,  to  Tyron  Row. 

2(i 

High  Bridge  Line. 
Sheldon  &  Hynard. 

From  the  corner  of  12-5th-street  and  Fourth 
Avenue,  through  125th-street.  and  Eighth 
Avenue,  to  McComb's  Dam  and  Highbridge, 

4 

HOUSTON-STREET  LlNE. 

Sudlow.  Pullis.  &  Siney. 

From  the  end  of  Avenue  C.  through  Avenue  C. 
Houston  street,  the  Bowery.  Chatham-street. 
Broadway,  and  "Whitehall-street,  to  the  South 
Ferry. 

Knickerbocker  Line, 
Jesse  A.  Marshall. 

From  the  corner  of  23d-strect  and  Eighth  Ave- 
nue.  through  Eighth  Avenue.  Bleecker-street. 
Broadway,  and Whitehall-st.,  to  South  Ferry, 

41 

Monument  Linf. 
Charles  Lent. 

From  the  corner  of  61  st-street.  and  Third  Ave- 
nue, through  Third  Avenue,  the  Bowery. 
Chatham,  and  Pearl-streets,  reck  Slip,  and 
South  street,  to  Burling  Slip, 

» 

People's  Lint:. 
Mackrell  Sc  Simpson. 

From  the  corner  of  Tenth-street  and  Avenue  C. 
through  Tenth-street.  Avenue  D.  Lewis,  and 
Grand-streets.  East  Broadway.  Chatham-street. 
Broadway,  and  Whitehall-st..  to  South  Ferry. 

23 

Tvi  rnnApii  Link. 
William  Tv.on. 

From  Grand-street  Ferry,  through  Grand-street. 
Broadway.  Canal,  Greenwich,  and  Cortlandt 
streets,  to  the  Jersey  City  Ferry, 

18 

Tompkik  Lm 

James  Murphy. 

From  the  corner  of  Uth-street  and  Avenue  B. 

through  Avenue  B.  Tenth  street.  Avenue  A. 
Eighth-street  Astor  Place.  Broadway,  and 
Whitehall  strict,  to  the  South  Ferry, 

20 

GOVERNMENT. 


55 


Aims-House  Department. 


Names  of  Lines  and 
Proprietors. 

RofTTES. 

No.  OF 
Stages. 

Union  Liirx, 
Hatfield  &  Bertine. 

From  North  end  of  Avenue  C.  through  Av.  C, 
Tenth-street  Avenue  D.  Columbia,  and  Grand- 
streets,  the  Bowerv.  Chatham-street,  Broad- 
way, and  Whitehall-street,  to  the  South  Ferry  . 

28 

Vrsev-street  Line. 
Concklin  &  Brother. 

m 

From  the  corner  of  44th-street  and  Third  Ave- 
nue, through  Third  Avenue,  the  Bowery. 
Chatham,  Vesey,  Greenwich,  and  Cortlandt 
streets,  to  the  Jersey  City  Ferry, 

12 

"W a verley  Line, 
Nott.  Raibold,  8c  An- 
drews. 

From  tho  corner  of  34th-street  and  Sixth  Ave- 
nue through  Sixth  Avenue.  Eighth-street, 
Broadway,  and  Whitehall-street,  to  the  South 
Ferry, 

1 

20 

24  Lines. 

Total  number  of  Omnibuses  licensed. 

465 

LOCATIONS  OF  THE  MARKETS. 

Catharine,  in  Catharine-street,  running  from  Cherry  to  South  sts. 

Center,  bounded  by  Grand,  Broome,  Center  and  Orange  sts. 

Clinton,  bounded  by  Canal,  Spring,  West  and  Washington  sts. 

Essex,  bounded  by  Grand-st.,  Essex  Market  Place,  Ludlow  and  Essex  sts. 

Franklin,  in  Old  Slip,  from  Front  to  South  sts. 

Fulton,  bounded  by  Fulton,  Beekman,  Fulton,  and  South  sts. 

Gouverneur,  foot  of  Gouverueur-st.,  East  River. 

Greenwich,  in  West-st.,  between  Christopher  and  Amos  sts. 

Jctferson,  in  Greenwich  Lane,  between  Amos-st.  and  Sixth  Avenue. 

Monroe,  bounded  by  Grand,  Monroe  and  Corlears  sts. 

Tompkins,  in  Third  Avenue,  between  Sixth  and  Seventh  sts. 

Union,  at  the  junction  of  Houston  and  Second  sts. 

Washington,  bounded  by  Washington,  West,  Fulton,  and  Vesey  sts. 


It  would  be  impossible  to  enumerate  all  the  details  of  the  Police  Depart- 
ment. We  have  mentioned  sufficient  to  give  an  idea  of  its  extent  and 
Importance. 


New- York  furnishes  a  field  for  the  exercise  of  benevolence,  as  well  as 
for  the  infliction  of  punishment.  Thousands  are  crowding  to  our 
shores  with  no  means  of  subsistence  save  the  toil  of  their  hands,  and 
perhaps  enter  our  streets  only  to  become  the  objects  of  charity.  Thou- 
sands of  older  inhabitants  are  liable,  by  sickness  or  casualty,  to  be  re- 
duced to  a  state  of  penury.  The  provision  for  their  necessities  is  not  left 
to  private  philanthropy. 

The  Alms-House  Department  of  New- York  is  extensive.    It  em 
braef?  within  its  range  no  less  than  five  establishments,  each  consisting 
of  several  buildings,  under  the  superintendence  of  an  officer,  styled  the 
\hns- House  Commissioner. 


56 


GOVERNMENT. 


Fire  Department. 

At  about  the  commencement  of  the  present  century,  the  grounds  on 
the  East  River,  nearly  three  miles  from  the  city,  formerly  occupied  as 
the  residence  of  the  celebrated  Lindley  Murray,  were  purchased  by  the 
Corporation,  and  an  occasional  infirmary  established,  to  be  used  during 
any  extraordinary  prevalence  of  disease.  Other  buildings  have  since 
been  added,  and  the  name  of  Belle vue  Hospital  given  to  the  whole. 
The  chief  edifice,  of  stone,  is  325  feet  in  length  and  55  in  width.  The 
buildings  are  enclosed  by  a  high  stone  wall.  Connected  with  this  estab- 
lishment, is  the  House  of  Refuge.  The  present  use  of  the  buildings  at 
Bellevue  is  soon  to  be  abandoned,  in  consequence  of  the  erection  of  new 
buildings  on  the  adjacent  islands. 

Blackwell's  Island,  in  the  East  River,  about  four  miles  from  the  City 
Hall,  contains  many  buildings  connected  with  the  Aims-House  Depart- 
ment. On  the  south  side  of  the  island,  stands  the  City  Penitentiary,  a 
large  four  story  stone  edifice,  capable  of  containing  one  thousand 
convicts.  Below  this,  at  the  extreme  end  of  the  island,  is  situated  the 
Hospital  for  sick  convicts.  In  the  center  of  the  island,  are  the  new  Aims- 
House  buildings,  consisting  of  two  mam  buildings,  each  with  wings, 
one  for  males,  the  other  for  females,  and  both  built  of  stone.  At  the 
north  end  of  the  island,  stands  the  City  Lunatic  Asylum,  a  large  and  im- 
posing edifice.  All  these  establishments  are  supplied  with  smaller 
buildings  for  subordinate  purposes. 

Randall's  Island,  east  by  north  of  Black  well's  Island,  about  seven 
and  three-fourths  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  contains  seven  buildings 
belonging  to  the  nursery  department.  Nearly  nine  hundred  children 
are  now  connected  with  this  establishment,  about  two-thirds  of  which 
receive  instruction , 

Such  is  the  Aims-House  Department  of  the  city  of  New- York,  an  in- 
stitution that  supports  nearly  six  thousand  persons,  and  furnishes  weekly 
aid  to  two  thousand  others,  at  an  annual  expense  of  $300,000. 

The  introduction  of  the  Croton  water,  though  it  has  afforded  a  greatly 
increased  protection  against  fire,  has,  by  no  means,  superseded  the  utility 
of  the  Fire  Department.  This  institution  still  retains  the  esprit  du 
corps  which  has  long  characterized  it;  and  there  is  no  class  of  citizens 
that  discharge  their  public  duties  with  more  zeal  and  alacrity  than  the 
firemen  of  Xcw-Yoik. 

The  Fire  Department  contains  nineteen  hundred  men.  It  is  supplied 
with  thirty-four  engines,  forty-seven  hose  carriages,  nine  hook  and  lad- 
der trucks,  seventy-four  hook  s  forty-five  ladders,  and  fifty-five  thousand 


GOVERNMENT. 


.57 


Fiie  Department. 

nine  hundred  and  fifty  ieet  of  hose.  In  addition  to  the  fire,  hose,  and 
hook  and  ladder  companies,  there  are  three  hydrant  companies,  whose 
duty  is  to  take  charge  of  the  hydrants  in  case  of  fire. 

For  greater  facilities  in  the  extinguishment  of  fires,  the  city  is  divided 
into  eight  fire  districts  according  to  the  following  schedule  : — 

(The  figures  designate  the  numbers  of  the  fire  districts.) 

1.  All  that  part  of  the  city  N.  of  22d  st.  and  E.  of  6th  Av. 

2.  All  that  part  of  the  city  X.  of  22d-st.  and  W.  of  6th  Av. 

3.  From  foot  of  North  Moore-st,  E.  in  a  straight  line  to  cor.  Leonard  and  Church-sts.; 
thence  N.  in  a  straight  line  to  cor.  of  8th  Av.  and  22d-st ;  thence  W.  along  22d-st.  toN. 
River ;  thence  S.  along  N.  River  to  place  of  beginning. 

4.  From  cor.  Leonard  and  Church-sts.,  X.  in  a  straight  line  to  cor.  8th  Av.  and  22d- 
st. ;  thence  E.  along  22d  st  to  Lexington  Av.  ;  thence  S.  in  a  straight  line  to  cor.  Elm 
and  Leonard-sts.  ;  ther.ce  W.  in  a  straight  line  to  place  of  beginning. 

5.  From  cor.  Elm  and  Leonard-sts.,  X.  in  a  straight  line  to  cor.  Lexington  Av-  and 
22d-st.  ;  thence  E.  along  22d-st..  to  E.  River  ;  thence  S.  along  the  E.  River  to  14th- 
st.  ;  thence  S.  W.  in  a  straight  line  to  cor.  Orange  and  Leonard-sts.  :  thence  W.  in 
a  straight  line  to  place  of  beginning. 

6.  From  cor.  Leonard  and  Orange-sts..  E.  in  a  straight  line  to  foot  Market-st.  ; 
thence  along  E.  River  to  14th-st.  ;  thence  S.  W,  in  a  straight  line  to  place  of  beginning. 

7.  From  foot  of  Market-st.,  W.  in  a  straight  line  to  cor.  Leonard  and  Elm-sts.  ; 
thence  S.  along  a  straight  line  intersecting  Wall  at  the  cor.  of  Broad-st.  and  continued 
through  the  Battery  to  N.  River. 

8.  From  foot  of  North  Moore  st..  E.  in  a  straight  line  to  cor.  Leonard  and  Elm-sts.  ; 
thence  S.  along  a  straight  lin  e  intersecting  Wall,  at  the  cor.  of  Broad-st.  and  conti 
uued  through  the  Battery  to  X  .  River. 

A  person  in  always  stationed  in  the  cupola  of  the  City  Hall,  whose 
duty  is,  on  the  appearance  of  a  fire,  to  sound  the  alarm,  by  giving  to  the 
bell  a  sufficient  number  of  strokes  to  indicate  the  district  in  which  the 
fire  is  located. 

All  the  engine,  hose,  and  hook  and  ladder  companies  located  in  the 
First  and  Second,  the  Third  and  Fourth,  the  Fifth  and  Sixth,  and  the 
Seventh  and  Eighth  Districts  respectively,  are  required  to  do  duty  in 
both  the  consecutive  districts. 

Certain  immunities  attach  to  the  fire-service  in  New- York.  After  a 
connection  of  seven  years  with  the  department,  the  firemen  are  forever 
exempted  from  military  and  jury  duty  in  this  State.  But  this  is  a  poor 
coward  for  their  toils  and  perils,  and  they  should  at  least  receive,  in  addi- 
»  on,  the  lasting  gratitude  of  those  whose  lives  and  property  they  protect 
l  i  time  of  danger. 


0 


58  GOVERNMENT. 


Military  Department. 


The  Fire  Department  is  likewise  a  charitable  institution.  On  the  20th 
of  March,  179S,  the  firemen  were  constituted  by  act  of  the  Legislature 
a  body  politic ;  and,  since  their  incorporation,  much  has  been  done  to 
relieve  the  needy  families  of  sick  and  disabled  firemen,  as  well  as  the 
widows  and  orphans  of  those  that  are  deceased.  Their  income  arises 
from  powder  and  chimney  fines,  initiation  fees,  and  other  sources;  and 
their  permanent  fund  now  amounts  to  $37, 215.  For  some  years  their 
disbursements  in  acts  of  charity  have  been  nearly  ten  thousand  dollars 
per  annum.  About  two  hundred  widows  receive  pensions  of  twenty-five 
dollars  each  per  annum ;  and  to  widows  and  orphans  are  furnished  each 
winter  about  one  hundred  tons  of  coal,  and  one  thousand  pairs  of  shoes.* 
The  department,  however,  could  find  more  numerous  instances  requir- 
ing relief,  were  the  benevolence  of  the  community  to  provide  them  with 
the  means  of  extending  their  usefulness.  And  we  may  be  permitted  to 
call  attention  to  the  fact  set  forth  in  the  last  report  of  the  Trustees,  that, 
though  this  association  has  been  in  existence  for  half  a  century,  and  the 
objects  of  its  aid  present  no  ordinary  claims  to  the  sympathies  of  benevo- 
lence, the  first  bequest  has  not  yet  been  made  to  its  charitable  fund. 
While  other  institutions  receive  the  bounty  of  the  liberal,  this  should 
not  pass  unnoticed. 

As  in  all  large  cities,  alarms  of  fire  are  frequent  in  New-York. 
Scarcely  a  night  passes  that  some  portion  of  the  firemen  are  not  called 
into  service,  and  often  several  times  the  same  night.  The  attempt  to 
follow  the  engines  In  case  of  alarm  to  the  scene  of  the  fire,  is  futile. 
Strangers  are  often  seen  returning  after  a  long  and  fruitless  search,  hav- 
ing failed  to  discover  the  least  cause  for  an  alarm.  And  even  when 
there  is  a  fire,  and  the  fire  not  far  distant,  it  is  impossible  to  approach 
near  the  scene  of  conflagration,  without  danger  of  injury  from  the  en- 
gines or  the  crowd.  It  is  only  when  the  heavens  are  lit  up  with  there- 
flection  of  the  flames,  that  a  person  may  be  called  out  with  any  prospect 
of  witnessing  a  scene  of  grandeur. 

New- York,  though  not  a  warlike  place,  acts  on  the  principle  to 
prepare  for  war  in  time  of  peace.  Her  Military  Department  consists 
of  four  brigades,  containing  twelve  regiments.  When  full,  the  regiments 
will  average  five  hundred  men  each,  but  at  present  the  average  number 
does  not  exceed  three  hundred.  By  the  laws  of  the  State,  all  able-bodied 
men,  between  the  ages  of  IS  and  45  years,  are  subject  to  military  ser- 
vice ;  but  the  small  sum,  7.3  cents  each  year,  allowed  as  a  commutation  for 


♦Trustees'  Report.  Dec.  8,  1S47. 


GOVERNMENT.  59 
Health  Department. 

performance  of  duty,  while  it  increases  the  revenue,  diminishes  the  num- 
ber of  troops.  Those  who  have  rendered  service  for  seven  years  in  the 
uniform  corps,  since  1836,  are  forever  after  exempt  from  jury  duty,  and 
from  military  duty  in  time  of  peace.  One  object  of  the  military  organi- 
zation of  the  city  is  to  quell  riots,  and  protect  property  in  time  of  danger. 
Seven  strokes  of  the  City  Hall  bell  will  call  out,  within  the  space  of  half 
an  hour,  for  the  defence  of  life  or  property,  two  thousand  men.  During 
the  conflagrations  of  1835  and  1845,  the  troops  of  the  city  were  on  duty 
day  and  night. 

For  salubrity  of  climate,  New- York  is  surpassed  by  few  commercial 
cities  in  the  world;  and  every  precaution  is  taken  that  this  natural  ad- 
vantage shall  not  be  destroyed  by  the  introduction  of  foreign  disease  or 
the  rise  of  contagion  from  local  causes.  The  Health  Department  is 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Board  of  Health,  consisting  of  the  Mayor 
and  the  Common  Council.  The  Commissioners  of  Health,  consisting  of 
the  Health  Officer,  the  Resident  Physician,  and  the  Health  Commis- 
sioner, are  officers  appointed  by  the  State  for  carrying  out  the  laws  re- 
lative to  public  health,  and  are  always  licensed  physicians.*  They  are 
empowered  to  hold  in  trust  for  the  people,  the  Marine  Hospital,  belong- 
ing to  the  State,  situated  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Staten  Island,  and  to 
make  rules  for  its  government  and  management.  It  is  the  duty  of  the 
health  officer  to  decide  what  vessels  are  subject  to  quarantine,  and  to 
detain  them  as  long  as  he  shall  deem  safety  requires.f  The  anchorage 
ground  for  vessels  at  quarantine,  is  near  the  Marine  Hospital,  and  is  de- 
signated by  buoys.  Ail  physicians  practising  in  the  city  of  New-York, 
and  all  keepers  of  boarding  houses,  are  required  by  law  to  report  in  writ- 
ing to  the  Mayor,  the  Board  of  Health,  or  either  of  the  Commissioners 
of  Health,  every  case  of  contagious  disease  that  comes  under  their  cog- 
nizance ;  and  it  is  the  duty  of  the  Board  of  Health  to  adopt  such  mea- 
sures as  they  may  deem  expedient  to  prevent  the  spreading  of  the  con- 
tagion. %  In  no  other  city  of  the  Union,  is  greater  care  taken  for  the  pre- 
servation of  public  health. 

Such  are  the  municipal  regulations  of  New-York  for  the  protection  of 
life,  of  health,  and  of  property. 

*  Revised  Statutes,  Chap.  XIV.  Title  I. 

t  Act  concerning  Quarantine,  &c,  passed  May  13,  1846. 

1  Law  relative  to  the  "  internal  regulations  for  the  preservation  of  the  publio 
health  in  the  City  of  New- York,"  Title  III.    Article  2d. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 

New- York  is  a  commercial  city.  Possessing  one  of  the  finest  hart*ors 
on  the  globe,  and  enjoying  unusual  facilities  of  communication  with  the 
other  parts  of  this  continent,  she  has  taken  the  lead  of  all  her  competi- 
tors, and  may  now  be  ranked  the  second  commercial  city  in  the  world. 

For  the  prosperity  of  a  community  engaged  in  the  pursuits  of  trade, 
two  conditions  are  requisite — capital,  and  facilities  for  using  that  capital 
to  advantage.  Where  the  latter  exist,  the  former  will  not  generally  be 
wanting.    Capital  flows  to  those  points  where  it  is  in  the  greatest  demand. 

The  harbor  of  New- York  is  spacious.  Upon  its  bosom,  surrounded 
by  protecting  headlands,  might  float  in  perfect  safety  the  combined 
navies  of  the  world.  The  depth  of  water  at  the  wharves  is  sufficient  for 
the  largest  vessels;  and  the  depth  of  the  channel  varies  from  six  to  eight 
fathoms,  except  at  the  bar  off  Sandy  Hook,  where  at  the  lowest  tide  it  is 
four  fathoms.*  The  tides  in  the  harbor  average  nearly  seven  feet.  The 
mild  temperature,  and  the  strong  currents  that  sweep  through  the  adjacent 
rivers,  complete  the  natural  advantages  of  the  harbor.  For  a  century  it 
has  been  but  twice  blockaded  with  ice.f  While  other  ports  are  by  this 
obstruction  rendered  comparatively  useless  in  the  winter,  New-York,  at 
all  seasons  of  the  year,  sends  forth  her  merchantmen  to  the  distant  parts 
of  the  earlh,  and  receives  at  her  wharves  the  products  of  every  clime. 

New-York  is  not  wanting  in  capital.  Enterprise  and  wealth  from 
other  portions  of  the  Union  have  found  here  the  most  advantageous  em- 
ployment, and  have  aided  in  supplying  her  with  the  <£  bone  and  sinew" 
of  commerce.  Interested  cities  have  drawn  comparisons  unfavorable  to 
New-York  with  regard  to  the  proportion  of  capital  to  credit:  but,  whilst 
the  annals  of  commerce  bear  record  of  a  desolation  by  the  devouring 
element,  twice  repeated  without  causing  her  to  bend  under  the  scourge; 
whilst  the  commercial  revulsions  of  Great  Britain  make  but  slight  im- 


*  This  is  the  depth  of  the  new  channel  discovered  by  Captain  Gedney  in  the  IT  S- 
Surveys     The  channel  previously  used  afforded  a  depth  of  but  twenty-one  feet, 
f  In  the  cold  winters  of  1780  and  1820 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


01 


Capital  of  New -York. 

pression  in  her  midst;  whilst  the  overthrow  of  dynasties  and  civil  com- 
motions that  shake  the  governments  of  the  Continent  to  their  center,  can- 
not turn  her  from  "  the  even  tenor  of  her  way  whilst  the  vvithdrawment 
of  government  deposits,  that  often  produces  embarrassment  in  other  cities, 
is  known  to  her  only  as  a  piece  of  news;  the  assertion  of  the  shallow- 
ness of  her  capital,  will  be  but  idle  words. 

The  capital  of  New- York  is  not  confined  to  her  own  limits.  It  is  to 
be  found  invested  in  works  of  internal  improvement,  as  well  as  travers- 
ing the  whole  world,  transporting  our  own  products  to  foreign  coun- 
tries, and  bringing  tc  our  shores  the  merchandise  and  commodities  es- 
sential to  our  convenience  and  happiness.  To  thousands  of  seamen, 
laborers,  and  mechanics,  it  affords  the  means  of  comfortable  subsistence 

A  satisfactory  estimate  of  the  capital  of  New- York,  is  impossible.  Too 
many  elements  enter  into  such  a  calculation  to  allow  of  an  approximation 
to  accuracy.  In  a  commercial  city  almost  every  species  of  property  can 
be  converted  into  capital.  The  following  schedule  of  the  real  and  per- 
sonal estate  of  New- York,  as  assessed  during  the  last  eight  years,  exhibits 
a  species  of  capital  which,  by  the  system  of  hypothecation,  is,  in  this 
city  more  than  in  any  other,  rendered  available  for  the  purposes  of  trade.* 


YE.AR- 

REAL  ESTATE. 

PERS'XAL  EST. 

AGGREGATE. 

INCREASE. 

DECREASE. 

1841 
184-2 
1843 
1844 
1845 
1846 
1847 
1848 

$186,347,246 
176.512.342 
164,950,514 
171,936,591 
177,207,990 
183,480,534 
187,315,386 
193,029,076 

$65.430.45>o 
61,294,559 
63,046,575 
64,023.  156 
62,787,527 
61,471,470 

0  59,837,917 
61,164,451 

8251,777,702 
237,806,901 
227,997.089 
235,930,047 
239,995,517 
244,95-2,004 
247.153,303 
254,193,527 

$7,962,953 
4,035,470 
4,956,487 
2,201,299 
7,040,224 

$1,3970,801 
9,809,812 

A  view  of  the  moneyed  institutions  of  the  city,  gives  an  idea  of  com- 
mercial activity,  rather  than  of  general  wealth.  There  are  in  New- York 
thirty  banks, f  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $29,260,350,  and  thirty-se- 
v.mi  fire,  marine,  and  life,  (exclusive  of  the  mutual,)  insurance  companies, 
with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $11,604,010.  There  are  besides  many  in- 
surance companies  nominally  established  in  other  states,  whose  business  is 
transacted  in  New- York  through  the  medium  of  agencies,  but  the  charters 
of  which,  in  consequence  of  legislative  facilities,  have  been  elsewhere 
obtained  by  the  capital  of  New-York. 

*  For  the  use  of  official  documents  from  which  this  schedule  has  been  compiled, 
we  are  indebted  to  Talman  J.  Waters.  Esq..  late  controller  of  the  city 

f  General  Regulations  of  the  Banks.— The  rate  of  interest  for  the  discount  of  notes 
or  bills  not  having  more  than  sixty  days  to  run  is  six  per  cent,  per  annum.  In  cases 
where  they  are  to  run  for  a  longer  period  the  rate  of  interest  is  seven  per  cent 
Three  days  of  grace  are  allowed,  upon  which  the  same  discount  is  taken.  Notes 
or  bills  are  collected  by  the  banks  for  their  customers  without  charge,  except  in 
cases  of  protest,  when  the  expense  of  protest  is  paid  by  the  holder.  Deposits  of 
money  must  be  entered,  at  the  time  of  deposit,  in  the  dealer's  book;  and  may  be 
drawn,  at  anv  time,  without  expense.  The  banks  are  open  daily,  except  on  Sundays 
and  gener.il  holidavs.  throughout  the  year,  from  10  A.  M.  to  3  P.  M. 


62 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


BANKS  OF  THE  CITY  OF  NEW-YORK 
AMERICAN  EXCHANGE  BANK. 


SO.         I  PAR         DISCOUNT    I      TIME  OF     I  TIME  OF 

SHARES.    I    VAL.  |         DAYS.        |  DIVIDENDS.  |  ELECTIONS. 


LOCATION.     J  CAPITAL. 

60  Wall-st.  |  $1,500X60"!  15,000  |  $i00~j  Tu.  fc  F.  |  May,  N«r.  |  1st  W.  June. 
Pres.  D.  Leavitt.    V.  Pres.  B.  Hoadley.    Cash.  J  J.  Fisk.    Notary.  A.  R.  Rogers. 

Directors,  D.  Leavitt.  David  Hadden.  Henry  Young,  Wm."  C.  Langley,  Silas  Bron- 
son.  Wm.  A.  Booth.  F.  S.  Lathrop.  David  Hoadley.  Danl.  S.  Miller.  Saml  Willed, 
James  Sheldon.  L.  Holbrook,  Henry  Meyer,  A.  A.  Low,  David  Wesson.  Wm.  M 
Richards,  (one  vacancy.) 

BANK  OF  AMERICA. 


LOCATION.     I    CAPITA  L.     |    SHARES,  j     PAR.    j    D;T  DAYS.    J  DIVIDENDS.  |  ELECTIONS. 

MWaiUtTl  $2.001,20T|  Wfll^~$m  I  Tu.  &  F.  |  Jan.&c  Jul.  |  1st  M.  May. "~ 
President.  Geo.  Newbold.  Cashier,  James  Punnett.  Notary,  J.  P.  Giraud  Foster. 
Directors.  Geo.  Newbold.  Benj.  L.  Swan,  John  Johnston.Fred.  Sheldon.  4sa  Fitch 
Jun.,  Wm.  H.  Aspmwall,  Thos.  H.  Faile.  Augustin  Averill.  H.  M.  Haves.  David 
Thompson  John  Cryder,  Stewart  Brown,  Wm.  Whitlock.  Jr.,  Robert  C.  Goodhue, 
Henry  A.  Stone.  Jos.  Battell. 

BANK  OF  COMMERCE. 

LOCATION.      |    CAPITAL.    |    SHARES.  |     PAR.  J    DT  DAYS.    j  DIVIDENDS,  j  ELECTIONS. 

32  Wall-st.  |  $5,000:000  I      50.000  j  $100  j  Tu.  &  F.  |  Jan.  &  Jul.  j   no  election* 
r^'M!^^^'1*     ^ce-Pr.s..  Robert  Ray.    Cashier,  Geo.  Curtis.  Notary, 

H^w/?rSpJi0^niAT5St?'onS'  MF?  Ray.(one  vacancy.) Robert  B.  Minturn,  Russel 
hJSJ  r  h  iltiah  feTit.  Saml-  B-  Ilu^les-  Ch*s-  H.  Russell.  Stephen  Whitney 
Henry  C.DeRham.  Jos.  Sampson.  David  S.  Kennedy,  Geo.  T.  Adee,  John  C  Green 
Edwin  D.  Morgan,  Adam  Norrie.  Saml.  J.  Beals,  Denning  Duer.  ' 
♦  The  directors  of  this  bank  fill  vacancies  in  their  own  number. 

BANK  OF  NEW-YORK. 


location.    |  capital,  j  sharks.  |   par.  |  d>t  days.  |  dividends.  j~  electio^sT^ 
48  Wall-st.    |H.000:000  |^  2^00  i~$500  |  ¥fl.  k  F.  \  Hky.jfar.  1   ad  T.  Jiiyr 
President,  John  Oothout.    Cashier.  Anthony  P.  Halsev.    Notary.  Wm  D  Wad 

Direr  tors,  P.  Sch;  rmerhorn.  G.  G.  Howland,  H.  Beeckman.  J.  H.  Hicks  Robert 
E?M?Tloflman  ^  C'  P'  Lcvwi^  J'  ^ne,J.  Marsh,  F.  Schuchard^ 

BANK  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW-YORK. 

LOf "  A  T  ION.      I    CAP.TAL.     |    SHARES,  j     PAR.|    D'TDATS.    |  DIVJDENDS.  I  ELECTION!. 

30  Wall-st.  I  $2,000,000  j  20,000  |  $100  |  Tu.  &  F.  |  May,  Nov.  |  2d  T.June.' 
A^i^Wm'c.RKn^n.  *****  WIUw»-    *2s*f.  Cashier,  J.  Anthony, 

Directors.  C.  W.  Law  n«nci\  Isaac  Townsend.  John  Steward  Chn«  4  T)o»ic  tj«„^„ 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


63 


Banks. 
BOWERY  BANK. 


'                     j                           j         ^         I    pAR   1    DISCOUNT    I      TIME  OF     j         TIME  OF 
LOCATION,     j     CAPITAL.      |    SHARES.  |  VAL.  J   DAYS.    ^  |  DIVIDENDS,  j   ELECTION'S. 

ra^w^l~^fe;650~ri4;266/  ("$25  |  M.  &  Th.  )  May,  Nov.  |  1st  Tu.  Dec. 
President.  Enoch  Dean.  Cashier.  N.  G.  Bradford.    Notary.  Augustus  Schell. 

Directors.  Alonzo  A.  Alvord.  J.  C.  Baldwin.  Lewis  Bleidorn.  Abr'm  Cummings, 
Enoch  Dean.  Geo.  Edwards.  Jed.  Frye.  John  Mc.Meriomy.  Jesse  A.  Marshall.  Alexan- 
der Masterton.  Jacob  Miller.'  Wm.  A.  Mead.  Denton  Pearsall.  John  S.  Williams.  Ger- 
ard Stuyvesant,  M.  M.  Quackenbos,  George  Webb. 

BROADWAY  BANK. 


D'T  DAYS.       DIVIDENDS,  j  ELECTIONS. 


LOCATION.      j    CAPITAL.     |    SHARES.  |  1 

336  Br'dway  j    $T00j0 00~l    20^0^1    $25   |  W.  &    ST|  May,  Nov.  |  2d  Tu.  June. 
President.  F.  A.  Palmer.    Cashier.  J.  L.  Everitt.    Notary.  Wm.  A.  Darling. 
Directors.  Francis  A.  Palmer.  L.  B.  Ward.  Wm.  J.  Decker.  A.  Arnold.  Alex.  Stud- 
well.  Jno.  Bodine.  Jno.  S.  Harris.  S  C.  Herring.  H.  M.  Wells.  D.  A.  Wood.  Jno.  Fal- 
coner. Benj.  F  Camp.  F.  B.  Schools,  (two  vacancies.) 

BUTCHERS'  AND  DROVERS*  BANK. 


LOCATION.     j    CAPITAL.     j    SHARES,  j     FAR.  j  d'T      DAYS.  J  DIVIDENDS.  J  ELECTIONS. 

124  Bowery   |    $500,0C0   |    20.00J~|    $25   \    W.  &  S.    |  Feb.,  Aug.  |  2d  Tu.  July. 
President.  Jacob  Aims.    Cashier.  B.  Lewis.  Jr.    Notary,  Sam"l  Brown. 
Directors.  David  Cotheal,  John  Gray,  Arnest  Fink.  Jos.  Britton.  W.  G.  Hunt, 
James  Mills.  R.  W.  Howes,  George  B.  Smith,  S.  S.  Rogers.  John  W.  Mersereau,  John 
B.  Codies.  George  Bell. 

CHEMICAL  BANK. 


LOCATION. 

CAPITAL. 

SHARES. 

PAR.  j    D'T  DAYS. 

DIVIDENDS.  1  ELECTIONS. 
1 

J70  Br'dway  |  $300,000 

3.000 

$100  |  daily 

Jan.  &  Jul  |     1st  M.  April. 

President.  John  Q.  Jones.    Cashier.  John  B.  Desdoity.    Notary.  H.  C.  Tallman. 
Directors.  J.  Q.  Jones,  C.  V.  S.  Roosevelt.  John  D.  Wolfe.  Robt.  McCaskry,  Bradisb, 
Johnson. 


CITY  BANK. 


LOCATION.  CAPITAL.        SHARES.        PAR.       D'T  DAYS.       DIVIDENDS,  j  ELECTIONS 


52  Wall-st.  |    $720,000   j    16.000   |    $45   |   Tu.  &F.    |  May,  Nov.  j    1st  Tu.  June. 
President.  G.  A.  Worth.    Cashier,  Robert  Strong.    Notary.  Stephen  Merrihew. 
Directors.  G.  A.  Worth.  S.  C.  Marsh.  A.  C.  Reid.  Thos.  E.  Walker,  Wm.  W.  Fox, 
Henry  Delafield,  Richard  M.  Lawrence.  Dan'lDarish.  Moses  Taylor,  Ab'ra  Bell,  Lora 
Nash,  Henry  Sheldon,  J.  H.  Grower.  T.  Putnam.  John  J.  Cisco. 

FULTON  BANK. 


I 


ELECTIONS. 


268  Pearl-st.  |    $600,000   |    20.000    I   $30   |    W.  &  S.    |  May,  Nov.  |     1st  M.  Feb. 
President,  John  Adams.    Cashier,  W.  J.  Lane.    Notary.  Thaddeus  H.  Lane. 
Directors.  S.  L.  Mitchell.  Anson  G.  Phelps.  Jos.  Kernochan.  Sam'l  Thompson.  David 
Stewart.  Ed-n  Clark.  John  Adams.  Cor.  Smith,  Benj.  H.  Field.  Alfred  Willis.  Jos.  S 
Barker,  (two  vacancies.) 


64 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


Banks. 


GREENWICH  BANK. 


LOCATION. 


DISCOUNT    I      TIME  OK  TIME  OF 

DAYS.        J  DIVIDENDS.  |  ELECTIONS. 


402  Hudson  |  $200,000  |  8.000  |  $25  |  Tu.  &  F.  |  May,  Nov.  |  1st  M.  June. 
President,  B.  F.  Wheelwright.  Cashier,  Wm.  Hawes.  Notary,  W.  Wheelwright. 
Directors.  B.  F.  Wheelwright.  E.  H.  Herrick,  Clinton  Gilbert,  Horatio  Mott,  Her- 
bert Hall,  A.  A.  Dunman,  Alex.  M.  L.  Scott.  Jas.  N.  Wells.  Cha's  S.  Benson,  John 
Delamater,  Edw.  Green.  Henry  Stokes,  Washington  Wheelwright,  Sol.  Banta,  E. 
Hill. 

LEATHER  MANUFACTURERS'  BANK. 

LOCATION.     J    CAPITAL.     J    SHARES.  J     PAR.    j    d'T  DAYS.    |  DIVIDENDS   j  ELECTIONS. 

15  William   |    $60bT000~|    12.000  |    $50  |  Tu.&F.   |  Feb.  Aug.  |    1st  M.  June. 
President,  Fanning  C.  Tucker.    Cashier,  Ebenezer  Piatt.    Notary,  N.  B.  Hoxie. 

Directors,  Fanning  C,  Tucker.  Jehiel  .laggar,  James  Meinell.  Paul  Spofford.  Joseph 
N.  Lord,  Jonathan  Thorne.  Walter  R.  Jones.  Caleb  Barstow,  John  P.  Ncsmith,  Aquila 
G.  Stout,  G.  Winthrop  Gray,  Wm.  H.  Russell,  Wm.  H.  Macy. 

MANHATTAN  BANK. 


j    CAPITAL.     j    SHARES,  j     PAR.  j  d'T      DAYS.  J  DIVIDENDS,  j  ELECTIONS. 

40  Wall-st.~|  $2,050,000  |  41,000  |  $50  \  M.  &  Th.  |  Feb.  Aug.  |  1st  T.  Dec. 
President,  Caleb  O.  Halsted.;?  Cashier,  J.  M.  Morrison.    Notary,  John  Neilson,  Jr. 

Directors,  Caleb  O.  Halsted,  Oliver  Slate,  Jr.,  Wm.  M.  Halsted,  John  D.  Van 
Buren.  Edmund  Penfold.  Edwin  Hoyt.  James  Warren.  Silas  Brown,  George  W. 
Blunt.  Andrew  Mount,  G.  D.  H.  Gillespie,  R.  W.  Weston. 

MECHANICS'  BANK. 

LOCATION.      J    CAPITAL.    |    SHARES.  J     PAR.  J    d'T  DAYS.    |  DIVIDENDS.  |  ELECTIONS. 

~33  Wall-st.  I  $1,440,000  |    80,000    |  $18   |    W.  &  S.   |  May,  Nov.  |     1st  T  April. 

President,  Shepherd  Knapp.    Cashier,  Francis  W.  Edmonds.    Notary,  G.  Spring,  Jr. 

Directors,  Shepherd  Knapp,  Phillip  Henry,  Rob't  Kelly,  T.  C.  Chardavoyne.  John 
Billiard,  Jr  ,  Oliver  B.  Tweedy,  Richard  Irvin,  L.  W  Stevens,  Wm.  Chamberlain. 
Loring  Andrews,  A  C.  Kingsland,  C.  H.  Sand,  Francis  Hall,  and  Pres.  of  Mechanics' 
Society,  ex-ofticio. 

MECHANICS'  BANKING  ASSOCIATION. 

LOCATION.      |    CAPITAL,     j  SHARES.  J     PAR.  |    D'T  DAYS.    |  DIVIDENDS,  j  ELECTIONS. 

38  Wall-st."  |    $(i32,000   |~25V280"|    $25   |  Tu.  &  F.  |  June,  Dec.  |     1st  M.  Dec. 
President,  Fred'k  Pcntz.     Cashier,  John  H.  Cornell.    Notary,  Wm.  Bloomfield. 
Directors,  V.  Pent/,  Wm.  Tucker,  A.  G.  Thomson,  R.  E.  Mount.M.  Thompson. 
Ration  Suckley,  A.  Chandler.  Jas.  Harriott,  Leonard  Kirby,  P.  G.  Bo«ert.  J.  R. 
Walter.  N  Lud'lam.  J.  A.  Bunting.  J.  Van  Norden,  R.  F.  Cannan,  T.  Addison,  P.  T. 
Rugglcs,  J.  Randall,  J.  T.  B.  Maxwell,  S.  Smith,  W.  A.  F.  Pentz. 

MECHANICS'  AND  TRADERS'  BANK. 

LOCATION.  CAPITAL.         SHARES.        PAR.       D'T   DAYS.       DIVIDKNDS.  ELECTIONS. 


370Gran<1-st.  |    $200,000   |"  8,000    j"  $25   |  M.  &  Th.  |  May,  Nov.  |   2d  Tu.  July. 
President,  John  Clapp.    Cashier,  E.  D.Brown.   Notary,  (vacant.) 
Di'ertors.  John  Clapp,  Wm.  Der.nistoun,  John  Rogers.  James  M.  Mills,  David  B. 
Kcelpr. Thomson  Price.  Jeremiah  (  lark.  Stephen  Lyon.  Russell  Dart.  Jno.  Palmer, 
Franklin  Haines.  R.  Blydcnbnrgh,  G  I  Pi  ice,  3.  Valentine,  (one  vacancy.) 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


65 


Banks.. 


MERCANTILE  BANK. 


SO.        I    PAR        DISCOUNT  TIME  OF  TIME  OF 

SHARES.     I  VAL.  DAYS.  DIVIDENDS.  |  ELECTIONS. 


172Br"dway|    $500,000    |     6.0C0     |  $100  |  W.    &   S.  |  not  decid-d  |   2d  Tu.  Not. 

President,  W.  B.  Douglas.    Cashier.  John  C.  Bill.    Notary.  C.  A.  Davison. 

Directors,  W.  B.  Douglas.  Jos.  Stuart,  J.  N.  Phelps.  Geo.  Merritt,  Calvin  Burr.  Nor- 
man White,  Wm.  H.  Smith. 

MERCHANTS'  BANK. 

LOCATION.  CAPITAL.     I    SHARES,  j     PAR.    !    D;T  DAYS.    I  DIVIDENDS.  J  ELECTIONS. 


42  Wall-st.  |  $1,490,000  |    29.S00   j    $50    |  W.  &.  F.  |  June,  Dec.  |    1st  T.  June". 
President.  John  J.  Palmer.    Cashier,  O.  J.  Cammann.    Notary.  J.  D.  Campbell. 
Directors,  Benj.  Ayrnar,  R.  L.  Maitland.  S.  T.  Cary.W.  A.  HaddenB.  B.  Sherman, 
A.  T.  Stewart.  W.  H.  Townsend.  J.  Auchincloss.  E.  T.Sanderson,  W.  E.  Wilmerding, 
C.  W.  Faber,  Treasurer  of  State  ex-officio. 


MERCHANTS'  EXCHANGE  BANK. 


LOCATION.     j    CAPITAL,     j    SHARES,  j     PAR.  j    D*T  DAYS,    j  DIVIDENDS,  j  ELECTIONS. 

173  G'nwich  |  $1,235,0001  24.700  I  $50  |¥.  &  S.  |  Jan  &Jul.  |  IstM.ApriL 
President,  J^racs  Van  Nostrand.  Cashier,  W.  H.  Johnson.  Notary.  H.  C.  Westervelt. 

Directors,  James  Van  Nostrand.  J.  B.  Varnum.  Edw.  Willis,  James  Brooks.  D.  C. 
Kingsland,  L.  Denison.  Joseph  Petit,  James  M.  Hoyt.  Wm.  A.  Thomson,  Howell  Hop- 
pock,  Jno.  J.  Van  Nostrand,  Dudley  S.  Gregory,  Marshall  O.  Roberts. 


NATIONAL  BANK. 


LOCATION.  CAPITAL.       .SHARES.        PAR.       D'T  DAYS.  DIVIDENDS. 


ELECTIONS. 


36  V>all-st.  1   $750,000  (    15,000    |  $50   [   Tu.  &  F.     April.  Oct.  |    2d  Tu.  July. 
President.  Jame/  Gallatin.    Cashier,  F.  Dobbs.    Notary.  A.  R.  Rodgers. 
Directors.  James  Gallatin.  Joseph  Bouchard.  Hugh  Auchincloss.  Rob't  Hyslop, 
Horatio  G.  Stevens,  Laville  Du  Berceau,  Augustus  H.  Ward.  James  B.  Wilson"  Jno. 
De  Ruyter,  John  F.  A.  Sanford,   Adrian  Iselin,  F.  A.  Delano,  Jno.  W.  Schulten. 


NEW-YORK  DRY  DOCK  COMPANY. 


LOCATION.      j    CAPITAL,    j    SHARES.  |     PAR.  j    D*T  DAYS.    J  DIVIDENDS.  J  ELECTIONS. 

139  Ave.  D.  1   $420,000   |    14,000   |   $30    |    Tu.  &  F.  |  Jan.  &Jul.  |    2d  M.  Jan. 
President,  George  Law.    Cashier,  D.  Palmer. 
Directors.  George  Law.  W.  H.  Hays.  John  Dimon,  Oliver  Charlick,  M.  C.  Story 
Fam'l  Sherwood,  Walter  W.  Concklin.  F.  T.  Hayes. 

NORTH  RIVER  BANK. 


LOCATION.      |    CAPITAL.     |  SHARES.  |     PAR.  |    D'T  DAYS.    |  DIVIDENDS.  |  ELECTIONS. 

175  G'nwich  |   $655,000   |   13,100  |   $50   |  Tu.  &  F.  |  Jan.  &  Jul.  j    1st  M.  June. 
President,  Charles  Denison.    Cashier,  S.  B.  White.    Notary,  Jas.  W  Wilson 
Directors.  Charles  Denison,  Jno.  Van  Nostrand.  B.  C.Webster,  M.  Armstrong.  M. 
O  Foberts,  Levi  Ap^ar,  C.  Denison.  Jr.,  Henry  Suydam  Jr..  S.  S.  Wyckoft',  Moseg 
\.  Hoppock,  George  Treadwell.  C.  V.  B.  Ostrander.  t'onp  v  leaner.} 


66 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


Banks. 


^  OCEAN  BANK.  

LOCATION.     |     CAPITAL.     |    SHARES.  |     PAR.     |    d't  DAYS.    |    DIVIDENDS.    |  ELECTIONS. 

222  Fulton  st.  j    $750,000   |  15,000    |    $50    |    W.  &  S.    [  Jan.  &  Jul.  |  2d  Tu.  April. 
President,  D.  Randolph  Martin.    Cashier,  J.  S.  Gibbons.    Notary.  Harvey  A.  Weed 
Directors,  D.  Randolph  Martin.  Nathaniel  Weed.  Valentine  Kirby.  Robert  Hay  dock. 
Benj.  A.  Mumford,  Samuel  S.  Bowman.  Gordon  W.  Burnham.  John  Boyce,  Luciaa 
D.  Coman.  Joseph  M.  Brown,  Geo.  Elder.  Marcus  Spring,  Silas  K.  Everett. 

 PACIFIC  BANK.  

LOCATION.       |    CAPITAL.    |    SHARES.  |    PAR.    |    D'T  DAYS,    \    DIVIDENDS.    |  ELECTIONS. 

461  Broadway  I    $420,000  |      8400     [~$50    |  M.  &  Th.  1  not  decided.  |  2d  Tu.  Oct. 

President,  William  Tilden.    Cashier,  J.  Campbell.  Jr.     Notary,  William  Bodge. 

Directors,  Wm.  Tilden,  John  A.  Merritt.  Eb.  Beadleston.  Jas.  Foster,  Chas.  B.  White, 
Eb.  H.  Pray,  Amos  F.  Hatfield,  Chas.  A.  Secor,  Wm.  Smith,  Jas.  T.  Bertine,  Nathan 
C.  Ely,  Henry  Wenzel,  David  L.  Young,  Edward  Roberts,  Geo.  B.  Jackson. 

PEOPLE'S  BANK. 

A  new  Bank  with  this  title,  to  be  located  near  the  corner  of  Hudson  and  Canal 
streets,  is  now  being  organized.    The  capital  is  $250,000.  in  shares  of  $25  each. 

President,  John  P.  Yelverton,  Cashier,  Notary,  Edward  P.  Clark. 

Directors,  John  P.  Yelverton,  Simon  Shindler,  John  Mace.  Philip  J.  Bonesteel.  John 
B.  Sp afford.  Chas.  Crane,  David  F.  Baker,  Wm.  M.  Wilson,  Gaylord  B.  HubbelL  John 
W.  Lewis.  Jeremiah  Terbell,  L.  H.  Moore.  James  S.  Brouwer,  George  D.  Cragin, 
Matthias  Clark,  Augustus  F.  Pearse,  Jacob  Born. 

 PHENIX  BANK.  

LOCATION.    |     CAPITAL.     |    SHARES.  |    PAR.     |     D'T  DAYS.   |     DIVIDENDS.  |  ELECTIONS. 

AbWall&t.  r$1^00,000  I  60.000  |  $20  |  WT&TS.  |  Jan.  &  Jul.  |  1st  Tu.  July". 
Pres.  T.  Tileston.  V.  Pres.  Henry  Cary.  Cash.  D.  M.  Bryson.  Notary,  Wm.  Van  Hook 
Directors,  Thomas  Tileston.  Henry  Cary,  James  W.  Otis.  Mose3  H.  Grinnell, 
Thomas  W.  Gale.  Joshua  J.  Henry,  Daniel  B.  Fearing,  Drake  Mills.  Israel  Corse,  El 
bort  J.  Anderson,  William  Bryce,  Eugene  Butilh,  Benj.  F.  Dawson,  W.  F.  Cary. 

 SEVENTH  WARD  BANK.  

LOCATION.      |      CAPITAL.    |    SHARES.  |    PAR.    |    D5T  DAYS.    |    DIVIDENDS.    |  ELECTIONS. 

234Peari-st.  j~$500^blxr  |  10,000  |  $50  |  tu.  &  F7~|~Jan  &Jul7r2d  TuTjune. 
President,  John  W.  Lawrence.    Cashier,  Alfred  S.  Fraser.  Notary,  B.  C.  Leveridge. 

Directors,  John.  W.  Lawrence,  Abraham  Dally,  Philip  Harmon.  David  Brown, 
Francis  Gross,  Ross  W.  Wood.  Walter  B.  Townsend.  Elias  Ponvert.  Fletcher  Harper, 
William  Halsey,  George  W.  Corlies,  Abraham  R.  Van  Nest,  Augustus  C.  Downing. 

 TRADESMAN'S  BANK.  _  

LOCATION.        |    CAPITAL.    |    SHARES.    {    PAR.    |    D,T  DAYS.    \    DIVIDENDS.    |  ELECTIONS. 

177  Chatham    |    $400,000"  |    10.000     |  $40   |  Tu.  &  F.  |  Jan.  &  Jul.  |    lst~M.  July 
President,  W.  H.  Falls.    Cashier,  Richard  Berry.    Notary,  S.  F.  Cow  drey. 
Directors,  W.  H.  Falls.  Shivers  Parker,  Geo.  G.  Smith,  E.  Cauldwell.  Josiah  Macy* 
W.  C.  Taylor.  S.  T.  Skidmore.  S.  Milbank,  Jr.,  W.  N.Seymour.  Henry  Trowbridge, 

G.  N.  Bleccker.  1).  H.  Brooks,  S.  J.  Hunt,  W.  C.  Dougherty,  G.  Palen,  Jos.  W.  Cor- 
lies, Geo.  Abeel,  (  has.  M.  Leupp,  I.  Hawley,  L.  Smith. 

 UNION  BANK.  

LOCATION.      |    CAPITAL.    I    SHARES.  |    PAR.    |     D'T  DAYS.    |    DIVIDENDS.   |  ELECTIONS. 

3 4~WalLst      1^000,000  |    20,000    |  $50   |    Tu.  &  F.  |  May,  Nov.  |lst~M7Mar7 
President,  Frederick  Deming.  Cashier,  Dan'l  Ebbets.    Notary,  J.  S.  York. 
Directors,  F  Doming.  H.  Coit.  W.  A.  White.  Morris  Ketchum,  S.  S  Howland,  D. 

H.  Arnold,  Lewis  Curtis,  H.  K.  Corning,  Jas.  Chesterman.  Wm.  S.  Miller,  D.  Ebbets. 


TRADE   AND   COMMERCE.  67 


Savings-Banks. 


SAVINGS-BANKS  OF  NEW-YORK. 
BANK  FOR  SAYINGS  IN  THE  CITY  OF  NEW-YORK; 


Location  Days  wher  open.  Interest  whew 
 i                                                i  payable. 

107  Chambers-street     |  Daily,  from  4  to  6.  ?.  M..  Friday  j  3d  Moil  Jan.  and  July" 

|  for  Females,  j 

President.  Philip  Hone.  Vice  Presidents.  Benj.  Strong.  Naj ah  Taylor  and  J.  J. 
Jones.    Treasurer,  C.  O.  Halsted.    Secretary.  J.  D.  P.  Ogden.    Jicct,  C.  Connor. 

BOWERY  SAYINGS-BANK. 

Location.  Days  when  open.  j      Int.  when  payable. 

123  Bowery.  |  Monday.  Thursday  and  Satur-  i  3d  Mon.  of  Jan.  8t  July 

I         day  from  5  to  7.  P  M.,  | 
President.  James  Mills.    Vice  Presidents.  Peter  Gassner  and  Robert  M,  Stratton. 
Secretary,  Giles  E.  Coggershall. 

DRY-DOCK  SAYINGS-INSTITUTION. 


LOCATION. 

Days  when  open. 

Int.  when  payable. 

619  Fourth-street,       1  Monday.   Wednesday  and  Sa-  1  3d  Mon.  of  Jan.  &  July, 
turday.  from  5  to  7,  P.  M. 
President  S.  Halsted.    Vice  Presidents.  Thos.  A.  Stewart  and  Alexander  Stewart. 
Treasurer.  Jacob  Millar.     Secretary,  James  L.  Stewart. 

EAST  RIYER  SAVINGS-INSTITUTION. 

Location.  j 

Days  when  open. 

Int.  when  payable. 

Chatham,  cor.  James-st., 

Monday.  Thursday  and  Satur- 
day, from  5  to"7,  P.  M., 

3d  Mon.  of  Jan.  &  July. 

President.  Elias  G.  Drake.  Vice  Presidents.  T.  Williams,  Jr.  and  Dan'lH.  Brooks 
Secretary.  C.  A.  Whitney.    Acc't,  L.  Chapman. 

'GREENWICH  SAYINGS-BANK. 
Location.  Days  when  open.  Int.  when  payable. 

41  Sixth  Avenue,        j  Monday,  Wednesdav  and  Fri-  j  3d  Mon.  of  Jan.  &  Juiv 
I        day.  from  5  to  7,* P.  M..  | 
President.  Ab'm  Yan  Nest.    Vice  Presidents.  Win,  Mandeville  and  F.  B.  Lu 
queer.     Treasurer,  Wm.  Mandeville.    Secretaries.  C.  Gilbert  and  Ed.  X.  Pigot. 

INSTITUTION  FOR  THE  SAYINGS  OF  MERCHANTS'  CLERKS. 


LOCATION. 

t            Days  when  open. 

Int.  when  payable . 

5  Beekman-street, 

J  ^Tuesday  and  Saturday,  from  6 
■    to  8,  P.  M.,  Thursday."  4  to  8. 

3d  Mon.  of  Jan.  &  July. 

President.  Jas.  G.  King.   1st  Vice  President.  P.  M.  Wetmore.    2d  Vice  President, 
R.  Kelly.    Treasurer,  Jno.  J.  Palmer.    Secretary.  T.  S.  Kirby.  Acc't.  Chas.  Rolfe. 
*  From  Oct.  1st  to  April  1st,  the  office  opens  one  hour  earlier. 


SEAMEN'S  BANK  FOR  SAVINGS. 


location.  Days  when  open.  Int.  when  payable. 

*      82  Wall -street.         |  Daily,  from  10,  A.  M.,  to  2.  P.  M.  |  3d  Mon.  of  Jan.  &  July. 

President.  Benjamin  Strong.  Vice  Presidents.  PMotiah  Perit  and  Augustin  Arer 
bill.    Treasurer,  Joseph  W.  Alsop.     Secretary.  Wm.  Nelson. 


68 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


Insurance  Companies. 


FIRE  & 

MARINE  INSURANCE  COMPANIES  OF  NEW-YORK. 

.ETNA   INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

1   KIND  OF  I                    |       NO.       j     PAR      1          TI51E  OF     1    TIME  OF 
INS.        |  CAPITAL.  |     STIA«S     |     VAL.     1      DIVIDENDS.    |  ELECTION. 

66  Wall-st. 

|     Fire.      |  $2uO,oOJ  |  4,000   |    $50     |  June  <5c  Dec  |  1st  iVlon.  June 
President,  Charles  Town.   Secretary,  Jacob  Brouwer. 

ASTOR  MUTUAL  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

|     KIND.    |  CAPITAL.    |   SHA'S.  |    PAR.      |       DIVIDEND.      |  ELECTIONS. 

36  &  3-;  W'm-st.  |  Marine  |     Assets    |            |             |   Not  decided  |  2d  Tu.  in.  Feb. 

President,  Z.  Cook.  V.-Pres.  E.  Anthony.  Ssc,  E.  A.  Strong.  Inspector,  J.  J.  Dickinson' 

ATLANTIC   MUTUAL  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION*. 

|     KIND.      |  CAPITAL.  |    SHi's.    |      PAR.     |       DIVIDENDS.     |  ELECTION. 

14  Mer.  Exc. 

|  Marine    |  Assets     |                       |  January.          |  2d  Tu.  Feb. 
President,  Walter  R.  Jones;  Vice-President.  JosiahL.  Hale. 

2d  Vice-President,  John  D.  Jones.  Secretary,  Daniel  D.  Smith. 

BROADWAY   INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

|      KIND.      |  CAPITAL.  |   SHA*S.  |     PAR.     |       DIVIDENDS.        j  ELECTION. 

4 Id  Broadway  |  Fire       |  $200,u00  |   8,000  |    $25     |  Feb.  and  Aug.  |  not  decided. 
President,  S.  Halsted.    Secretary,  John  Wray. 

CITIZEN'S'   INSURANCE  CO." 

LOCATION. 

|      KIND.      |  CAPITAL.  |  SHA'S.  |     PAR.     |       DIVIDENDS.       |  ELECTION. 

167  Bowery 

|Fire       |  3 150,000  |  7,500  |    S20    |  June,  Dec.       \  1st  Tu.  June. 
President,  Daniel  Burtnett.  Secretary,  James  M.  McLean. 

CITY  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

|      KIND.     |  CAPITAL    |  SHA'S.  |     PAR.      |       DIVIDENDS.     |  ELECTION. 

61  Wall-st. 

|  Fire       |  $210,000  |   3,U00  |    $70     |  Feb.  &  Aug.     |  2d  Wed.  Feb. 
Presidcnt}  George  S.  Fox.  Secretary,  D.  F.  Curry. 

CLINTON  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION.     |      KIND.     |  CAPITAL.  |  SHA's.  |      PAR.      |      DIVIDENDS.     |  ELECTION. 


51  Wall-st.       I  Fire.      |  $250,000  |    5,'jUU  |    $.30     |  not  decided.     |  not  decided. 
President,  Hugh  Laing.    Secretary,  Samuel  Jones  Willis. 

COMMERCIAL   FIRE   INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION.     |      KIND.     |  CAPITAL.  |    SHa's.  |      PAR.      |       DIVIDEND-       |  ELECTION. 

8  MerTEx.      |  t  ire       |  $200,000  |  4,u00  |     $50    |  not  decided.     |  not  decided. 

President,  John  Van  Nostrand.   Secretary,  Charles  J.  Martin. 

EAGLE   FIRE  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION.     |      KIND.     |  CAPITAL.  ]  SH  aV.  |      PAR       |       DIVID I N  DS        j  ELECTION. 

71  Wall-st.     j  Fire       |  S'300,00u  |  7,500  |     $40     |  May,  Nov!         |  1st  Tu.  in  Jan. 
President,  A.  G.  Stout.  Secretary,  Thomas  Glover. 

EAST   RIVER  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION.     j     KIND.     |  CAPITAL.  I  SIIa's.  |      PaR.      |       DIVIDENDS.       |  ELECTION. 

09  Wall-st.     I  Fire      |  $150  000  |  10,000  |     $15    |  June,  Dec.        |  2d  Mon.  in  May. 

President,  John  Brouwer.  Se  cretary,  Charles  II.  Birney. 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


69 


Insurance  Companies. 
 EMPIRE  CITY  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.  

LOCATION.        |     KIND.     |      CAPITAL.     |     sHa's.     j     PAR.     |     DIVIDENDS.     |  ELECTION 

49  Mer.  Exch.  |    Fire    j     $200,000    |    2000    |  $100    |  Jan.  &  July  j  1st  M.  in  Dec 

President.  James  T.  Talman.    Secretary.  Lindley  Murray. 
 FIREMEN'S  INSURANCE  CO.  ^ 

LOCATION*.         |      RIND.    |    CAPITAL.      |     SHA'S.      |      PAR.    |      DIVIDENDS.    |  ELECTION. 

69  Wall  street  j    Fire    j    204,000     j    12,000    |    $17    |  April,  Oct.   |  2dM.  in  Nov 

President,  Francis  Luqueer.    Secretary.  Niel  Gray. 
 GENERAL  MUTUAL  INSURANCE  CO.  

LOCATION.         |      KIND.      |    CAPITAL.      |    SHA's.    |      PAR.    |    DIVIDENDS.      |  ELECTION. 

60  Waltsti       j~FJk  Mr  I    Assets,    |  |  |    February  j~~February. 

Pres.  N.  G.  Rutgers.  V.  Pres.  A.  Ogden.  2d  V.  Pres.  W.  B.  Bolles.  Sec.  B.  C.  Morris. 


GREENWICH  INSURANCE  CO. 


LOCATION. 

|     KIND.      |  CAPITAL.  |    SHA'S.   |     PAR.     |       DIVIDENDS.       |  ELECTION. 

400  Hudson-st.  |    Fire    |  $200,000  |   8,000  |  $25    |   Feb.  &  Aug.    |  1st  Mon.  June. 
President,  Timothy  Whittemore.  Secretary,  James  Harrison. 

GROCERS'  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

|      KIND.     |  CAPITAL.  |    SHA's.   |    PAR.    |       DIVIDENDS.       |  ELECTION. 

81  Wall-st. 

|    Fire    |  $2»u,000  |    4,000  |   $50  |  March  &  Sept.  |   1st  Mon.  Feb. 
President,  Sampson  Moore.   Secretary,  J.  Milton  Smith. 

HOWARD  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

|      KIND.      |  CAPITAL.  |    SHA'S.    |     PAR.     |       DIVIDENDS.     |  ELECTION. 

66  Wall-st. 

|    Fire     1  $250,000  |   5,000   |    $50    |    June  &  Dec.   |  1st  Mon.  Dec. 
President,  R.  Havens.  Secretary,  Lewis  Phillips. 

JEFFERSON  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

|      KIND.     |  CAPITAL.  |    SHA's.  |     PAR.     |      DIVIDENDS.       |  ELECTION. 

50  Wall-st. 

|    Fire    I  $200,010  |  6,667  |   $30    |  March  &  Sept.  J  February. 
President,  Moses  Tucker.  Secretary,  Geo.  T.  Hope. 

KNICKERBOCKER  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

|      KIND.     |  CAPITAL.  |    SHA'S.    |     PA.R.      |       DIVIDENDS       |  ELECTION. 

64  Waft-st. 

|    Fire     |  $280,000  |  7,000  |    $40    |   June  &  Dec.    |  1st  Tu.  in  April. 
President,  George  Ireland.  Secretary,  A.  B.  McDonald. 

MANHATTAN  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

|    KIND.     |  CAPITAL.  |    SHa's.    |      PAR.      |       DIVIDENDS.       |  ELECTION. 

68  Wall-st. 

I   Fire     |  $250,000  |   5,0U0  1     $50    |  June  &  Dec.      |  March  26. 
President,  Nathaniel  Richards.  Secretary,  Win.  Pitt  Palmer. 

MERCANTILE  MUTUAL  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

|      KIND.     |  CAPITAL.  |    SHa's.    |     PAR.     |        DIVIDENDS.        |  ELECTION. 

63  Wall-st. 
President, 

|  Marine  |  Assets.  |            |            |         April.         |    March  27th. 
Jos.  Walker.  Vice-President,  L.  Gregory   2d  Vice-President,  E.  Walter. 
Secretary,  Charles  Newcomb. 

MERCHANTS*  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

T7 1 

|    KIND.     |  CAPITAL.  |    SHa's.    |      PAR.      |       DIVIDENDS.       |  ELECTION. 

171  G'wich-st.  |   Fire    |   $200,UOO  |  4000    |    $50    |   Jan.  &  July.    |  2dTu.  April. 


President,  Crowel  Adams.  Secretary,  George  W.  Savage. 


70  TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


Insurance  Companies. 


NATTON  KL  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

I  KIND  OF    1  ^   -p-fT .  t    I       NO-      1     PAK      1        TIME  OF       1        TIME  O? 
1       INS.        |  CArllAlj    |    SHA*S.    1     VAL.     |     DIVIDENDS.      |  ELECTION. 

52  Wall-st. 

Fire    |  §150,000  |    4oou  |  §37 i  |   May  <fc  Nov.  |  2d  Tu.  in  May. 
President,  T.  W.  Thome.   Secretary,  W.  C.  Kellogg. 

NEW  YORK  INSURANCE  CO. 

bOCAl  ION. 

|     KIND.      |  CAPITAL.  |     SUA  S.    |     PAR.      |       DIVIDENDS.     )  ELECTION. 

50  Wallet.       |  Marine  |  3500,0uU  |  10,0u0  |    §50     |  Jan.  &  July     |  2d  Mon.  in  Jan. 
President,  Bache  McEvers.    Vtce-Pres.,  T.  B.  Satterthwaite.    Sec'y,  John  H.  Lyell. 

N.  Y.    BOWERY   INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

|      KIND.      |  CAPITAL,  j    SHa".S.   |    PAR.    |       DIVIDENDS.       |  ELECTION. 

124  Bowery 

|     Fire     |  $300,000  j  12,000  |   $25   |    June  &  Dec.    |  2d  Wed.  in  Feb 
President,  Wm.  Hibberd.  Secretary,  G.  G.  Taylor. 

N.  Y.  EQUITABLE   INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

|      KIND.      |  CAPITAL    |    <HA;S.    |     PAR.     |       DIVIDENDS.      |  ELECTION. 

58  Wall-st. 

|    Fire     |  $2  lo,oo-j  |   6,000   j    $35    |    Jan.  &  July    |  1st  Mon.  June. 
President,  Richard  J.  Thorne.   Secretary,  John  Miller. 

N.  Y.   FIRE   AND  MARINE  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

|      KIND.     |  CAPITAL.  |    SHA*.S.  |     PAR.     |      DIVIDENDS.       j  ELECTION. 

12  Wall-st. 

|  F.  &  M.  j  $200,000  |  2,t00  i  §100  |   Feb.  &  Aug.    |  2d  Wed.  Feb. 
President,  O.  EL  Jones.  Secretary,  D.  Underbill. 

NIAGARA  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

|     KIND.      j  CAPITAL.  |    SHA!S.  |      PAR.     |       DIVIDENDS.     |  ELECTION. 

56  Wall-st. 

j     Fire     1  $200,000  |    4000  |     $50    |  Mar.  &.  Sept.  |  1st  M.  in  Mar. 
President.  William  B.  Bend.    Secretary.  Levis  Irving. 

NORTH   AMERICAN   INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION. 

|      KIND.     |    CAPITAL.  |    *HA*S.  |     PAK.      |       DIVIDENDS       |  ELECTION. 

C7  Wall-st. 

|    Fire.    |  $250,000  |    5JuO  |    $50    |    June  6c  Dec.  |  last  Mon.  May. 
President,  James  W.  Otis.  Secretary,  R.  W.  Bleecker. 

NORTH   RIVER   INSURANCE  CO. 

I. 'M  ATMS. 

:     KIND    |  C  APITAL.  |    SHa'.S.    j      PAR.      |      DIVIDENDS.      |  ELECTION. 

102  (JFwich-st.  |  Fi;e  |  $350,000  |  14,000  |     $-i5    |  April  &  Oct.  |  last  Mon.  March. 


President,  Peter  R.  Warner.  Secretary,  John  He^eman, 
PEOPLE'S  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO. 
A  new  Company  with  the  title  of  the    People's  Fire  Insurance  Company,"  set  on 
foot  by  the  originators  of  the    People's  Bank,  is  in  process  of  organization  The  office 
will  be  located  in  the  vicinity  of  the  corner  of  Hudson  and  Canal  streets. 
 STUYV E3ANT  INSURANCE  CO.  

LOCATION.  |      KIND.     |    CAPITAL.     |    SHA's.    j  PAR^  |     DI V I DENDS .    |  ELECTION^ 

153  Broadway     |—  Fire"|   $200,000    |   S.000  ~  |    $25    j    Feb.  Aug.    |  January. 

President.  Frederic  R.  Lee.    Secretary,  Benjamin  J.  Pentz. 
 SUN  MUTUAL  INSURANCE  CO.  

LOCATION.  |      KIND.     |    CAPITAL.      |    SHA's.    |      PAR.    [    DIVIDENDS.     |  ELECTION. 

2  Mer.  Ex.        |  Marine  |    Assets      j  \  j     October,    j     Sept.  29. 

President,  A.  B.  Neilson.  Vice  President.  Alfred  Seton.    Secretary.  John  Whitehead 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


71 


Insurance  Companies. 


UNION  MUTUAL  INSURANCE  CO.  

LOCATION^     j       KIND,     j       CAPITAL.     |      SHa's.     \      PAR.     \     DITIDEN^DS^J^ELEC  TIQN. 

58Wall-st.  FFTtM.  I  ^iJOOTOOOT- i  L000  |  100  \  January.  2d  Tu.  in  Feb. 
President.  N.  ML  Beckwith.    Vice-President,  J.  S.  Tappan.    Sec  y.  Ferdinand  Stagg 

UNITED  STATES  FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.   

LOCATION.     |     KIND.    |    CAPITAL.    |    SHA?S.    |    PAR.    |       DIVIDENDS,    j  ELECTION. 

69Wall-st  j  FireT^  |  $250,000  |  10.000  |  $25  |  Jan.  &  July.  |  1st  Mon.  June 
Pres't.  Joshua  S.  Underhill.    Sec'y.  James  Wiikie.  *lssisient  Sec'y.  W.  H.  Winder 

WASHINGTON  INSURANCE  CO  

Location.      i     kind.       capital.        sha's.       par.    ,    dividends.    1  election. 
Wall  c.  New.  [    Fire      |     $200,000       4.000     |  $50    |  not  decided  ApriL 
President,  George  C.  Satterlee.    Secretary  A.  H.  Muller. 

LIFE  INSURANCE  AND  TRUST  COMPANIES  OF  NEW  YORK. 

FARMERS'  LOAN  AND  TRUST  CO  MP  ANY.  

LOCATION.  CAPITAL.      .       SKA;.  PAR.  DIVIDENDS.      |  ELECTION. 

28  Exrnge  pi.  |  $2,000,000     j    40.000     ,    >7o        Jan.     July.       2d~T u.  in  June^ 
President.  D.  D.  Williamson.    Secretary  arid  Actuary,  R.  K.  Delafield. 

 EAGLE  LIFE  AND  H EALTH  INSURANCE  CO.  

LOCATION.      j       CAPITAL.  <HA*S.      j       PAR.     j      DIVIDENDS.  iZ  LB  C  T  IOW.  

40  Wall-st.    I     <>  100.000    j     2.000     j     $50    1  Jan    July    TTd^ioa.  in  April. 
President.  George  W.  Savage.    Secretary  and  Actuary.  Richard  EL  Bull. 

 MANHATTAN  LIFE  INSURANCE  CO.  OF  N.  Y  .  

LOCATION.        j     CAPITAL.      j       SHA  S.       i       PAS.      |      DIVIDENDS.  ELECTION.  

B*way  c.  Pine.  j    slc^OOO    j    $2,000    |     $50     |  once  in  3  y's.      3d  Tu.  in  May. 
President.  Alonzo  A.  Alvord.  Secretary.  C.  X.  Wemple. 

MERCHANTS^  k  MECHANICS'  MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  CO. 

LOCATION.  CAPITAL.       j       SHiS,       j      PAR.        \     DIVIDENDS.    !  ELECTION. 

56  Wall  streeTj  ~$TooTo^p~i  1000  j  SiOO  s  once  in  5  ys  .  Is:  Mon.  in  April. 
Pres.  J.  Smyth  Rogers.  V.  Pres.  &.  Actuary.  John  L.  Wendell.  Sec.  Alex.  M.  Greig 

 MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  CO.  OF  N.  Y.   

LOCATION.       |     CAPITAL.     |      SHi's.      |       PAR.       \     DIVIDENDS,     j  ELECTION. 

85  Wall  st.       |  $1:200.000   |  ...  -i  y  s     \s:  Mon.  in  June. 

President.  Joseph  B.  Collins.    Secretary,  I.  Abbott.   Actuary.  Charles  Gill. 

 NEW  YORK  LIFE  INSURANCE  CO.  

LOCATION.  CAPITAL.  -SHA  S.      |       PAR.  DIVIDENDS.      '  ELECTION. 

106  Broadway       S350.000     |  January.  April. 

President.  Morris  Franklin.   Actuary.  Pliny  Freeman.  "Accumulated  fund. 

  NEW  YORK  LIFE  INSURANCE  AND  TBUST  CO.  

LOCATION.        |      CAPITAL       |      SHA*S.  PAR.  DIVIDENDS.      j  ELECTION. 

^Wall-street  |  SLOOCOOO-;  ^NXOOO  j  Si 00  rf*b.  &  Aug.  Office  perpetual. 
President.  David  Thompson     Secretary.  Philip  R.  Kearny.    Actuary.  Wm.  Bard. 

 UNITED  STATES  LIFE  INSURANCE  CO.  

LOCATION.        ,       CAPITAL.  SHA's.  PAR.      I    DIVIDENDS.  ELECTION. 

27" Wall-street,  j    5100.000      \    2.000     j     $50     •  Not  derided,  j  March. 
President,  Frederick  Sheldon.  •Scftwry.  J.  A.  Stewart     Secretary.  J.  Eidie.  Jr. 


72 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


Merchants*  Exchange. 

Wall-street  is  the  center  of  the  monetary  operations  »f  the  city.  In 
deed,  the  influence  of  its  transactions  is  confined  to  no  local  interests 
They  excite  the  attention  of  moneyed  institutions  and  men  of  capital 
throughout  this  country  and  Europe.  The  heaviest  speculations  in  stocks 
and  bonds,  in  merchandise  and  real  estate,  here  take  place  ;  and  those 
whose  moral  principle  would  shrink  from  the  pursuit  of  the  gambler, 
often  engage  in  monetary  transactions,  m  a  manner  and  with  feelings  so 
nearly  allied  to  those  of  the  latter,  as  to  admit  of  no  favorable  compari- 
son. But  this  imputation  can,  by  no  means,  rest  upon  many  who  are 
daily  conversant  with  these  operations.  There  are  men  whose  lives  are 
spent  in  the  midst  of  such  pursuits,  who  are  not  unduly  influenced  by 
the  desire  of  gain,  and  who  are  as  honorable  and  conscientious  in  their 
dealings  as  any  portion  of  the  community. 

The  Merchants'  Exchange  occupies  the  entire  irregular  block,  bounded 
oy  Wall,  William,  Exchange  awd  Hanover  streets.  It  was  erected  by  the 
Merchants'  Exchange  Company,  an  association  incorporated  by  the  Le- 
gislature in  1S23,  with  a  capital  of  one  million  of  dollars.  The  present 
edifice  was  commenced  in  iS3t>,  and  completed  in  1542,  on  the  site  ol 
the  former  Exchange,  wtikih  was  destroyed  in  the  great  fire  of  1S35. 
Previously  to  the  erection  of  the  latter  building,  commenced  in  1S25,  and 
completed  in  1S27,  the*  merchants  had  met  together  at  the  Tontine  Coffee 
House,  at  the  corner  o£  Wall  and  Water  streets,  a  building  erected  by 
them  for  that  purpose  in  1795.  The  Merchants'  Exchange  is  justly  ad- 
mired as  one  of  the  most  splendid  specimens  of  architecture  in  the 
country.  It  is  built  of  beautiful  syenite  from  Quincy,  Mass.,  to  which 
the  quarriers  have  given  the  name  of  "  Quincy  granite,"  and  is  entirely 
fire-proof.  It  consists  of  two  main  stories,  with  a  high  basement  and 
an  attic.  Its  principal  front  on  Wall-street,  196  feet  in  length,  is  adorned 
by  a  colonnade  of  twelve  Ionic  columns.  Within  these,  is  a  range  of  six 
similar  columns,  supporting  the  ceiling  of  a  recess  for  the  main  entrance 
.o  the  building.  The  shafts  of  these  columns,  thirty  feet  in  bight,  are 
single  blocks,  weighing  thirty-three  tons.  The  Rotunda,  the  name  ap- 
plied to  the  Exchange  Hall,  occupies  the  center  of  the  edifice,  and  is 
surmounted  by  a  magnificent  dome,  eighty  feet  in  diameter,  resting  in 
part  on  eight  splendid  Corinthian  columns  of  Italian  marble.  A  large 
hall,  in  the  western  portion  of  the  building,  is  devoted  to  the  purposes  ot 
a  Reading  Room,  containing  files  of  papers  from  almost  every  country  of 
the  world.  The  other  apartments  are  chiefly  occupied  by  the  offices  ol 
insurance  companies,  bankers  and  brokers.  The  cost  of  this  noble  edifice, 
including  the  ground  on  which  it  stands,  which  was  purchased  for 
$765,000,  was  about  (1,800,600. 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


73 


N.  Y.  Stock  and  Exchange  Board.— New  Stock  Exchange. — Chamber  of  Commerce 

The  Rotunda,  between  the  hours  of  1  1-2  and  2  1-2  o'clock,  when  the 
Merchants  congregate,  presents  a  scene  of  the  liveliest  interest.  On  every 
face  may  be  depicted  the  excitement  that  reigns  within  ;  and,  as  the  busy 
groups,  closely  dotting  the  area  of  this  Temple  of  Commerce,  exchange 
their  views  on  the  topics  of  the  day,  and  the  magnificent  vault  above 
them  reverberates  the  hum  of  a  hundred  voices,  the  beholder  is  forcibly 
reminded  of  the  glory  of  ancient  Tyre,  when  "  her  merchants  were  princes, 
and  her  traffickers,  the  honorable  of  the  earth." 

At  the  hour  of  half  past  ten  A.  M.3  daily,  the  New-York  Stock  and  Ex- 
change Board  meet  at  their  hall  in  the  Exchange,  and  again,  informally, 
at  half  past  two,  P.  M.  The  objects  of  this  association  are,  the  buying 
and  selling  of  stocks,  specie,  &c.  No  amount  less  than  five  hundred  dollars 
is  permitted  to  be  sold  at  this  board.  Fictitious  sales  or  contracts  are 
forbidden,  under  the  penalty  of  expulsion.  The  fee  for  admission  is  four 
hundred  dollars.* 

Auction-sales  of  real  estate,  stocks,  etc.,  are  held  nearly  every  day  in  the 
year  at  twelve  o'clock  in  the  Rotunda,  and  of  vessels  of  every  description 
at  one  o'clock  in  the  same  place. 

The  only  commercial  association  of  note  whose  meetings  are  not  held  at 
the  Merch^Jts'  Exchange,  is  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  which  meets  at 
the  Merchants'  Bank.  This  institution  was  organized  on  the  5th  of  April, 
1768,  for  promoting  the  interests  of  trade  and  commerce,  and  received  a 
charter  from  George  III,  during  the  administration  of  Lieutenant  Governor 
Colden,  March  13,  17*70.  Its  title  was  The  Corporation  of  the  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  eh  the  City  of  New- York,  m  America.}  After  the 
Revolution,  a  change  in  this  title  became  necessary.  On  the  13th  of  April, 
1784,  the  legislature  conferred  upon  the  association  the  name  of  €<  The 
Corporation  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  State  of  New- York. 
Th2  principal  feature  of  this  institution  consists  in  the  action  of  two  com- 
mittees, respectively  designated  the  "  Committee  of  Arbitration"  and  the 
"  Committee  of  Appeal.''  To  the  former  the  adjustment  of  mercantile  dif- 
ferences is  referred,  while  the  latter  has  cognizance  of  cases  where  an  ap- 
peal is  made,  according  to  the  regulations  of  the  Chamber,  from  the  de- 
cision of  the  "  Committee  of  Arbitration."  Such  an  appeal  is  allowed 
only  when  the  amount  at  issue  exceeds  one  hundred  dollars;  and  not  then, 
if  the  Committee  are  unanimous  in  their  decision,  unless  it  exceed  five 


♦  Constit.  and  By-Laws  of  N.  Y.  Stock  and  Exchange  Board 
f  Constit.  and  By-Laws  of  New  Stock  Exchange 
\  Charter  of  Chamber  of  Com. 


74 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


Custom  House. — Exports  and  Imports. 

hundred  dollars.*  No  persons  are  allowed  membership  but  merchants 
and  others  whose  avocations  are  connected  with  the  trade  and  commerce 
of  the  country,  who  are  American  citizens,  and  regularly  transacting 
business  in  the  city  of  New- York  ;  but  the  privileges  of  arbitration  are, 
under  certain  regulations,  extended  to  those  who  are  not  members,  or  not 
eligible  to  membership. f 

Wall-street  likewise  contains  another  important  edifice  devoted  to  the 
purposes  of  commerce.  The  Custom  House  presents  its  chief  front  to 
this  street,  on  the  corner  of  Nassau,  though  it  also  fronts  on  Pine-street. 
On  the  same  site,  stood  the  old  Federal  Hall,  in  which  the  inauguration 
of  Washington,  as  President,  took  place.  No  other  government  building 
in  the  country  is  the  scene  of  so  varied  and  extensive  monetary  operations. 
Here  is  collected  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  entire  revenue  of  the  Union. 
The  edifice  was  commenced  in  IS 34,  and  completed  in  1S42.  Its 
model  was,  with  some  variations,  the  Parthenon  at  Athens.  Its  length  is 
192  feet,  and  its  breadth  90  feet.  The  colonnade  at  each  end  of  the 
building  consists  of  eight  columns.  The  principal  apartment  is  circular 
and  surmounted  by  a  splendid  dome.  A  peristyle  of  sixteen  Corinthian 
columns  encloses  the  apartment,  and  supports  the  dome.  The  remainder 
of  the  building  is  divided  into  offices  appropriated  to  the  varies  branches 
of  the  department.  The  Custom  House,  though  a  splendid  structure,  is 
too  contracted  for  the  immense  business  transacted  within  its  walls — a 
business  constantly  increasing,  and  which  will  doubtless  require  moro 
spacious  accommodations  long  before  the  present  building  has  lost  its  re- 
putation as  one  of  the  most  admired  edifices  in  the  country.  The  cost  of 
the  land,  building  and  appendages,  was  $1,175,000. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  extent  of  the  commerce  of  New- York 
in  each  of  the  last  ten  years.J 


TEARS. 

VALUE  OF 

VALUE  OF 

AMOUNT  OF 

NO.  OF 

NO.  OF 

NO.  OF 

EXPORTS. 

IMPORTS. 

DUTIES 

VESSELS 

v'ss'ls 

pass'g'rs 

COLLECTED. 

ent'r'd. 

cl'r'd. 

ARRIVED 

IKW 

$36,662,223 

f  $97.078.687_ 

$13,970,332  99 

2118 

1734 

48.563 

1840 

30.186.470 

56.845.924 

7.557.441  36 

1917 

1527 

60.712 

1841 

30.731.519 

75.268.015 

10.802.119  47 

2101 

1559 

55.885 

1842 

23.090.189 

52  415.555 

10.013.122  87 

1920 

1567 

71.014 

1843 

23.440.326 

50.308  526 

11.300  407  76 

1808 

1512 

45.961 

1844 

34  800.248 

75.778.295 

21.318.408  33 

2170 

1911 

60.597 

1845 

34.196.184 

68  932.207 

17.667.858  35 

2010 

1716 

81.291 

1846 

36.185.398 

71.093.819 

16.867.275  10 

2176 

1909 

108.264 

1847 

53.072.163 

95.288.697 

19  819.130  64 

3047 

2609 

147.170 

1848 

45.863.916 

89.315.969 

19.1  g  1.732  93 

3010 

2455 

176.671 

♦  By-Laws  of  Chamber  of  Com.   Art.  12  and  13. 
|  By-Laws  of  Chamber  of  Com.   Art.  20. 

t  We  are  indebted  to  Hon.  Cornelius  W.Lawrence,  late  collector  of  the  port,  for 
ie  materials  from  which  this  table  has  been  compiled. 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


75 


Steam-Packets. — Sailing-Packets. 

The  moneyed  operations  of  the  city  are  scarcely  more  concentrated  in 
Wall-street,  than  various  kinds  of  business  in  other  localities.  Pearl-street 
has  been  until  recently  the  seat  of  the  importing  and  jobbing  dry  goods 
business,  though  now  that  branch  of  trade  has  extended  into  William, 
Pine,  Cedar,  Liberty,  and  other  streets.  The  wholesale  grocers  are  princU 
pally  congregated  in  Front-street  and  vicinity.  The  boot  and  shoe  dealers 
are  located  in  Pearl-street;  the  hat  and  fur  dealers  in  Water-street;  the 
hardware  dealers  in  Platt-street  and  vicinity ;  and  the  leather  dealers  in 
Ferry-street.  South-street  contains  the  principal  shipping  houses  and  the 
offices  of  most  of  the  packets  and  steamers  that  sail  to  foreign  ports. 

The  following  tables,  compiled  expressly  for  this  work,  present  much 
statistical  information  relative  to  the  commerce  of  New- York  never  before 
given  to  the  public. 

LINES  OF  STEAM-PACKETS 


SAILING  FROM  THE  PORT  OP  NEW-YORK. 


DESTINATION. 

NAME  OF  LINE. 

NO. 
VES. 

NAMES  OF 
VESSELS 

TIME  OF 
SAILING. 

OWNERS  OR  A  (TENTS, 

Charleston, 
Chagres  » 
Chagres, 
Chagres,* 

Hamburg, 
Havre, 

Liverpool, 

Liverpool, 

Philadelphia, 
Savannah, 

Southampton 
&  Bremen. 

united  oiaies 

Mail, 
Chagres, 

Empire  City, 

United  States 
Mail, 

Hamburg  and 

New-York, 

New-York  & 
Havr*  Navi- 
gation Co. 

Britishfc  North 
American 
Royal  Steam 
Packet, 

N.  Y.  &  Liver- 
pool U.  S. 
Mail  Steam 
Ship, 

New- York 
and  Philadel- 
phia, 

New-York 
and  Savan- 
nah Naviga- 
tion Co. 

Ocean  Naviga- 
tion Steam, 

1 

2 
2 
3 

1 

2 

9 

5 

2 
2 

2 

Southerner, 

Cherokee, 

Empire  City, 

Falcon,  Ohio. 
Georgia. 

every  10 

days, 

monthlyf 

monthly  f 

semi- 
monthly, 

once  in  2 

months, 

monthly, 

once  in 
2  weeks 
from    N . 
Y.,  ditto 
from  Bos- 
ton, 

once  in 

2  weeks, 

3  times  a 
week, 

weekly, 
monthly, 

Spofford.  Tileston  Si 
Co..  48  South-street. 
How  land  &.  Aspin- 
wall,  54  South-st. 
S.  B.  Stone,  10  Batte- 
ry-place. 

M    0.  Roberts,  177 
West-street. 

Schmidt  &  Batchen, 
105  &  107  Wall-street. 
Mortimer  Living- 
ston, 53  Broadway. 

0 

E.  Cunard,   Jr.,  38 
Broadway. 

E.  K.    Collins,  54 
Wall-st. 

Stanton  &  Spicer,  86 
West-street. 

S.   L.    Mitchill,  194 
Front-street. 

Moller,  Sand  &  Riera. 
50  Broadway. 

Franklin, 
Humboldt, 

Asia,  Africa, 
America,  Euro- 
pa,  Arabia, 
Niagara,  Canada. 
Cambria,  Persia, 

Atlantic,  Pacific. 
Baltic,  Arctic 
Antarctic, 

Penobscot,  Kenne- 
bec, 

Florida,  Alabama, 

Washington,  Her- 
mann, 

♦The  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co.  have  9  Steam-packets  running  from  Panama  to 
p  rts  in  California,  which  connect  with  the  Chagres  line  of  Messrs.  Howland  &  Aspin- 
wall  ;  and  there  are  4  Steamers  on  the  same  route  connecting  with  the  U.  S.  Mail 
lin0- 

f  These  lines  ruu  in  connection,  forming  a  semi-monthly  line. 


76 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


Lines  of  Sailing-Packets. 


REGULAR  LINES  OF  SAILING- PACKETS. 


DESTINA- 
TION. 


NAME  OF 
LINE. 


KIND  Of 
VESSELS. 


Bermuda 

Boston 


Chagres 


Antwerp  Antwerp 

-  Old 
Ap'chicola  Ap'chicola 
Baltimore  New 

Old 

iiegidar 
Co'niercial  . 
Dispatch 
N.  England . 
'Tremont  I 
Dispatch 
Semi  ni'ly 
Charleston  Co'mercial  ' 
u         .Merchants  I 
«        'Packet  Ship 
(Union 
Demerara  Regular 
Galveston  Star 
Georgeto'n  Regular 
Glasgow  Co'mercial 
Glasgow 
"  Siar 
Hamburg  uld 


Havre 


London 


Liverpool 


Matanzas 

Mobile 


H.  Orleans 


Norfolk 
Pensacola 

u 

Peter-bure 
PhiladelV 

Richmond 


Havre 
Union 


Blue  Swal 
X  low  Tail 
Black  BaH 
Black  Star 
Black  Star 
Dramatic 
Red  Star 
Red  Swal- 
Z  low  Tail 
Re^alar 
Ciiy 

Merchants' 
Mobile 
Eagie 
Hulmes's 
Merchants' 
Mutual 
Iff.  Orleans 
Sranton 
Cnion 
Old 
Hand's 
Pensecola 
Old 
Hand's 
McKee's 
Merchants' 
Old 

Virginia 
Rotterdam  |  Rotterdam 
St  Marks  St.  Marks 


Savannah 


Wllm'gton 


Bng 
Old 
New 
Union 
Regular 
Smith's 
Old  * 


Ships 

Ships 

Barques 

Schooners 

Schooners 

Brigs 

Schooners 

Schooners 

Schooners 

Schooners 

Bq's  &c  B'tTS 

Bo's  £  B'g 

Brigs 

Schooners 

^hips 

S  ps  &  B?'? 
Brigs 

S'ps  6c  Bq's 

Schooners 

Ships 

Ships 

Ships 

S'ps  6c  BqV 

Ships 

Ships 

Ships 
Ships 
Ships 
Ships 
Ships 
Ships 
Ships 
'Ships 
Ships 


TIME  OP 

sailing. 


OWNERS  OR  AGENTS. 


jionthly 
semi  m'ly 
ev  3  week* 
ev  4  days 
weekly 
monthly 
semi  w'ly 
-emi  w'iy 
semi  w'ly 
iemi  w'iy 
ev  lu  days 
semi  m'iy 
weekly 
weekly 
weekly 
weekly 
monthly 
v  15  days 
Weekly 
-emi  m'ly 
^erai  m'iy 
nonthly" 
-cmi  m'ly 
nonthly" 
,-v  lU  days 

•emi  rn'ly 
semi  mTy 
-emi  m'ly 
weekly 
weekiy 
nonthly 
uonthly 
semi  m'iy 
semi  m'iy 


B'qsfc  B'gs  weekiv 
Brigs  ■  weekly 

Bq's  6c  B'gs  weekly 
Snips         ev  lOdays 
S?ps  6c  B'gs  weekly  * 
Ships         ev  lOdavs 
S'ps  6c  B'qs  weeklv  " 
s'ps  6c  B'gs  ev  10  davs 
S'ps  6c  B'qs  semi  ra'lv 


ev  lMdays 
ev  10  days 
weekly  . 
semi  m'ly 
monthly 


Ships 
Ships 
Schooners 
B'gs  6c  S'rs 
Brigs 

Schooners  weekly 
B'gs  6c  S'rs  daily 
Schooners  ev2days 
schooners  weekly* 
Schooners  weekly 
Schoonors  weekly 
-\>*  6c  Bq's  monthly 
Brigs  .monthly 
B'qs  6c  B'gs  weeklv 
Brigs         I  weeklv 
B'gs  6c  B'gs'weekly 
-chooners  'weekly 
B^'s  6c  Sh's  weekly 
Schooners  , weekly 
Schooners  weekly 


E.  D.  Huribut  6c  Co..  84  South  -st. 
Schmidt  6c  Batchen,  105  &  Wall-st 
E.  D.  Huribut  6c  Co..  84  South-st 
Mailler  6c  I,ord.  108  Wall-street. 
Johnson  6c  Lowden,  115  Wall  st. 
Tucker  Sc  Lightbourne,  122  Broad-st 
Dayton  6c  Sprague,  107  Front-st. 
E.  '6c  W.  Henrich,  28  Coenties  Slip 
Foster  6c  Nickerson,  25  South-st. 
J.  Atkins  6c  Co  ,  38  South-st. 
Russell  6c  Norton.  31  Old  Slip 
;01ney  6c  CotrelU  61  South-st. 
Dunham  6c  Dimon,  67  South-st 
iS.  L.  Macready  6c  Co.,  36  South-st. 
T.  Wardle.  88  South-st. 
G.  BuJklev.  88  South-st 
J.  M.  Smith  6c  Co-  122  Broad-st 
Hussev  6c  Murrav,  62  South-st. 
Sturges,  Clearman  6c  Co.,  110  Wall-st 
Dunham  6c  Dimon,  67  South-st. 
Woodhull  6c  Co..  87  South-st. 
•  W.  Phillips,  52  South-st 
Srhmidt  6c  Batchen,  105  6c  107  Wa3-sL 
E.  D.  Huribut  6c  Co..  84  South-st. 
W.  Whitiock.  Jr.  4C  South-st.;  Fox& 
1    < :o.  22  Broad  ;  Boyd  6c  Co..  161  Pearl 
'Grinnell.  Minium.  &;  Co.,  78  South-st. 
!J.  Griswold.  70  South-st 
C.  H.  Marshall.  38  Burling  Slip. 
Sam.  Thompson  Sc  Nephew,  275  Pearl 
i  Williams  6c  Guion.  Fulton,  c.  Pearl-st 
Spofford,  Tileston  6c  Co.,  48  South  st 
Robert  Kermit  76  South-st 
Grinnell,  Minturn  Sc  Co.,  78  South-st 
Zerego  6c  Co..  86  South-st 
R.  C.  Read  27  South-st 
jsturges,  Clearman  Sc  Co.,  110  Wall-st- 
U.  W.  Eliwell,  57  Soulh-st. 
IE.  D.  Huribut  &  Co..  84  South-st 
I Eagle  Sc  Hazard.  40  South-st 
W.  Nelson,  85  South-st 
J.  W.  Elwell,  57  South-st 
Mailler  Sc  Lord.  108  Wall-st 
E.  D.  Huribut  Sc  Co ,  84  South-st 
Thos.  P.  Stanton,  56  South-st. 
Frost  Sc  I  licks.  68  South-st 
Sturges.  Clearman  Sc  Co.,  110  Wall-st 
James  Hand,  16  Coenties  Slip 
E.  D.  Huribut  Sc  Co.,  84  South-st 
James  Hunter  Sc  Co.,  153  Maiden-lane. 
James  Hand.  16  Coenties  Slip. 
W,  J.  McKee  S:  Bro.,  42  Front-st 
Mailler  Sc  Lord,  108  Wall-st 
Allen  Sc  Paxson,  134  Front-st 
C.  H.  Sc  W.  Pierson,  61  South-st 
E.  D.  Huribut  &  Co  ,  84  South-st 
E,  D.  Huribut  Sc  Co.,  84  South  st 
Sturges.  Clearman  Sc  Co.,  110  Wall-st 
Dunham  Sc  Dimon,  67  South-st 
Demill  Sc  Co.,  186  Front-st 
N.  L.  Macreadv  Sc  Bro.,  30  South-st 
E.  S.  Powell,  li4  Wall-st 
DoUner  Sc  Potter,  166  Front-street 
If.  L.  Macready  Sc  Bro.,  36  South-st 


TRADE   AND  COMMERCE. 


77 


Lines  of  Vessels. 


LINES    OF  VESSELS 

(not  regular). 


DESTINATION.  ' 

NO.  OF 

VESSELS 

Antwerp 

o 
o 

Apalac  bt  ic  ola 

g 

A 

w 

i  n 

it 

a 
o 

Baltimore 

5 

4 

3 

Belize 

Boston 

6 

Calais 

o 

Cardenas 

1 

Charleston 

6 

.  *" 

2 

China 

12 

^ 

2 

4 

r  till  iv  i  v  er 

g 

Fredericksburg 

G- 1 

Havana 

2 

2 

2 

Ind'a. 

jr.  1 

o 

Jving:;ton 

^ 

Liverpool 

4 

a 

1 

ic 

4 

4 

u 

2 

H 

I 

M 

3 

Maracaibo 

1 

Mobile 

5 

8 

U 

10 

Nassau 

1 

Newbe*i 

5 

New-Grenella 

2 

New-Haven 

6 

Philadelphia 

20 

Rotterdam 

6 

Salem 

3 

St.  Johns 

30 

St.  Thomas 

4 

San  Francisco 

2 

Savannah 

8 

Washington 

5 

KIND  OK 
VESSELS. 


OWNERS  OR  AGENTS. 


^hips  Zere-o  &  Co ,  86  South-st. 

Barques  &  Rriga  Ralph  Post.  38  South-st. 
Barques  &  Brigs  Eagle  &  Hazard,  4'»  South-st. 
Barques  &  Brigs  :  Russell  &  Nor, on,  31  Old  Slip. 
Barques  Sc  Brigs  j.  W.  Ellwell.  57  South-st. 

J.  &  N.  Brigga  40  SojHh-st 
IW.  J.  McKee  &  Bro.,  42  Front  it- 
Van  Brunt  &  Slaght.  168  Maiden  Lane. 
!']*.  Alexandre.  28  South-st. 
|E.  Lewis.  24  South-st. 
jSmiih  &  Boynton,  4  Sonth-st. 
I  George  S.  Stephenson,  49  Sonth-st. 
; Tooker.  Smvth  &  Co..  57  South-st. 
(J  W.  Ellwell,  57  South-st. 
plate,  Gardiner  &  Co.,  1 14  &  115  South-st 
:  How  land  &  Aspinwail.  54  South-st. 
I  Wet  more  &  Cryder,  73  <5c  74  Souih.st. 
Smith  &  Bovnton.  4  South-st 
J  H  Havins",  39  Bui  line- Slip. 
(James  Hand.  16  Coenties  Slip 
W.  J.  McKee  &  Bro.,  42  Front  st. 


Schooners 
Schooners 
Schooners 
Brig 

Schooners 
Brigs 
Brig 

Brigs  &  Sch'rs 
Brigs  &  Sch'rs 
Ships 
Ships 
"hips 

Schooners 
Schooners 
Brigs 
Brigs 

Ships  &  Barques  J  H.  Brower  &  Co.,  45  South-st. 


Barques 
Ship  &  Barques 
Ships 
Ships 
Sloops 
Ships 
Ships 
Shins 
Ships 
Ships 
Ships 
Ship 
Snips 
Barque 

Barques  &  Brigs 
Barques  &  Brigs 
Barques  &  Brigs 
Brig 

Schooners 

Barque  &  Brig 

Sloops 

Schooners 

Ships  &.  Barques 

Schooners 

Brigs  &  Sclrrs 

Barques  &  Brigs 

Ships 

Brigs 

Schooners 


J.  J.  Taylor  &  Co.,  41  South-st. 
M.Taylor  &  Co.,  44  South-st. 
SpoffJrd,  Tiles  ton  &  Co.,  48  South-st 
Weimore  &  Cryder,  73  <&  74  South  st 
R.  II.  Stone,  11U  Murrav-st. 
Taylor  &  Merrill,  36  Burling  Slip. 
Taylor  &  Ritch.  136  Front-st 
D.  Ogdeii.  65  Wall-st. 
J  W.  Phillips.  52  South-st. 
slate.  Gardiner,  &  Co  ,  1 14  &  115  South-at 
Hussey  &  Murray,  62  Souih-st. 
Everett  &  Brown,  68  South-st. 
>turges,  Cleannan  &  Co.,  1 10  Wall-st. 
W.  Linty,  165  Maiden-lane. 
Ea'=;le  &  Hazard.  40  South-st. 
Malller  and  Lord.  108  Wall-st. 
Russell  &  Norton.  31  Old  Slip. 
A.  G.  Benson.  39  South-st. 
&  L.  Mitchill,  194  Front-st. 
Everett  &,  Brown,  68  South-st. 
T  Hemmingwav,  1 16  South-st 
W.  J.  McKee  fc'Bro.,  42  Front-st 
Schmidt  &  Balchen,  lu5  &  107  Wall-st 
R.  W.  Ropes,  44  Water-sL 
W.  Burnhara,  7  South-st 
Russell  &  Norton,  31  Old  Slip. 
Spoiford,  Tileston.  &  Co.,  48  South-st 
J.  W.  Ellwell,  57  South-st. 
S.  L  Mitchill,  194  Front-st 


78  TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 

Lines  of  Lake  and  Canal-Boats  and  Barges. 


TRANSPORTATION  LINES 

OF   LAKE   AND  CANAL-BOATS    AND  BARGES. 


NAME  OF  LISE. 


OWNERS  OR  AGENTS. 


Albanv  and  Canal  Line, 
Albanv  and  New  York  Line, 
Albany  and  Rochester  Line, 
Albany  Daily  Line  (Schuyier  &  Co  s.) 
Albany  Line, 

American  Transportation  Co., 
Bmchampton  and  New  York  Line, 
Buffalo  and  Cincinnati  Rail  Road  Line, 
Buffalo  and  Ohio  Lake  Boat  Line, 
Buffalo  Line, 

Canajoharie  and  New  York  Line, 
Chenango  Lake  Boat  Line, 

Clinton  Line(Albany,  Buffalo  and  Chicago,) jo.  P.  Scovell,  1 13  Broad-street. 


C.  V.  Clark,  16  South-street. 
L.  W.  Brainard,  15  South-street 

C.  V.  Clark,  16  South  street. 
J.J.  Schoonmaker,  7  South  street. 
Durant  Lathrop  &  Co..  7  South-street. 
Caleb  &  Joy,  1"9  Broad  street. 
Newell  and  Cray,  127  Broad-street. 
A.  Q.  Stebbins  &  L.  Joy,  »07  Broad-street. 
H.  T.  Rumsey  &  H.  P.  Clinton,  108  Broad  st 
A.  Q.  Stebbins,  107  Broad  street 
Wood  &  Movers,  15  South  street 

D.  A.  Rexlbrd,  29  Moore  street. 


Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  Line, 
Doolittle  &  Co..  (Oswego  Line,) 
Dutilh  &  Co.'s  Freight  Line,  (Pittsburg,) 
Eckford  Line, 

Eckford  Transportation  Co., 
Elmira  and  Corning  Line, 
Erie  Transportation  Co., 
Fort  Plain  Line, 
Fulton  Line, 


H.  Wilbur,  LIO  Murray  street 
J.  L.  Warner,  33  Coenties  Slip. 
John  F.  Clarke,  1  South  William-street 
Charles  Hollister  &  Hugh  Allen,  127  Broad-st. 
Waters  &  Ensworth,  1 1 7  Broad-street 
Kimball  &  Bedient,  8  South  street 
P.  L  Parsons,  1 18  Broad-street. 
Clark,  Nukerck,  Hoffman  &  Co  8  South-st 
A  Colson  &  W.  H.  Chase,  33  Coenties-alip. 


Fulton vilie  and  N.  York  Lake  Boat  Line,\v.  Harden,  8-South-street. 


Glensfalls  Line 
Griffiths  Western  Line, 
Halt  moon,  Cohoes  and  New  York  Line, 
Ithaca  Line, 

Little  Falls  and  New  York  Line, 
Mechanicsville  and  New  York  Line, 
Mercantile  Line,  (lor  the  west,) 

Merchants'  &,  Millers'  (Geuesee  Valley  &  E.  T.  Pease,  7  Coenties  Sup. 
Buffalo,) 

Merchants'  Lake  Boat  Line,(Canada  East,)!L.  A.  Johnson,  9  Coenties  Slip. 


J.  B.  Cool  &  Brother,  116  West-street 
JE  Griffiths.  33  Coenties-slip. 
'A.  Noxonfc  Wiley,  116  West-street 
rr.  Kimball,  8  South-street. 
>W  T.  Holmes,  8  South  street. 
jBennett  &  Vernum,  116  West  street. 
Water*  &  Ensworth,  1 17  Broad  street 


Merchants'  Trans'n  Co.,  (tor  the  west,) 

Michigan  Railroad  Line, 

ft.  Y.  and  Buffalo  Lake  Boat  Line, 

N.  Y.  and  Canada  Line, 

N.  Y.  and  Chicago  Line, 

It.  Y.  and  Cincinnati  tine, 

N.  Y.  and  Genesee  Valley  Canal  Line, 

N.  Y.  and  Hammondsport  Line, 

N.  Y.  and  Ohio  Line, 

N.  Y.  and  Oswego  Line, 

N.  Y.  and  Penn  Yan  Line, 

N.  Y.  and  Seneca  Falls  Line, 

N.  Y.  and  Tonawanda, 

N.  Y.  and  Troy  Line, 

N.  Y.  and  Utica  Line, 

N  Y.,  Buffalo  and  St  Louis  Line, 

N.  Y.,  Indiana,  and  Toledo  Line, 


H.  N.  Holt  &  Co  ,  &  J.  B.  Hussey,  9  Coenties 
Slip. 

R.  J.  Vandewater,  108  Broad -street. 

E.  R.  lyes  &  G.  Reynolds,  125  Broad  street 

C.  B  Janes,  7  Coenties  Slip. 

J.  H.  Pratt,  101  Broad  street 

Chamberlin,  Oatman  &  Co.,  1  Coenties  Slip. 

James  &  Maxwell  <fe  J.  T.  Cameron,  11V  Br'd-st 

James  &.  Maxwell,  1'9  Broad  street 

C.  H.  Canfield,  7  Coenties  Hip. 

A.  Hegeman,  23  Water- street. 

J.  Rice  <fc  D.  Cameron,  109  Broad-street 

Palmer,  Howell  <Sr  Co.,  &  W.  F.  Leonard,  121 

Broad  street. 
Caleb  &  Joy,  109  Broad  street 
W.  S.  Griffiths.  22  South  street 
W.  H.  &  G.  Jennison,  109  Kroad  street 
Timothy  C.  Dwight,  1 1 1  Broad  street 
LJ.  H.  S.  Hulbert  and  G.  B.  Williams,  J 27  Broad 
I  street 


TRADE    AND  COMMENCE. 


Lines  of  Luke  and  Canal-Boats  and  Barges. 


NAME  OF  LINE. 


Schuyler's  Daily  Line  Tow  Boats,  Albany, 
Swiftsure  Line,  (Albany  &  Rochester,  &c.) 
Syracuse  and  Oswego  Line, 
Travis  and  Co.'s  Line, 

Troy  and  Erie  Line, 

Troy  and  Michigan  Lake  Boat  Line, 

Troy  and  Ohio  Line, 

Troy  and  Oswego  Line, 

Troy  and  Western  Line, 

Troy,  Rochester,  and  Washington  Lines, 

Troy  Tow-Boat  Line, 

Utica  Line, 

Western  Lake  Boat  Line, 
Western  Transportation  Co., 


OWNERS  OR  AGENTS. 


W.  H.  &  '  .  Jeimison,  1U9  Broad-st. 

R.  J.  Vandewater,  108  Broad-street. 

\.  D.  Ladd,  7  Coenties  Slip. 

H.  McDonnell,  7  South-street. 

R.  J.  Vamle water  and  H.  T.  Rumsey,  108 

Broad-street. 
Waters  and  Ensworth.  117  Broad-street. 
P.  Callin,  29  Ooeniies  Slip 

F,  S.  Littlejohn,  100  Broad-street. 

Palmer,  Howell  &  Co.,  &  W.  F.  Leonard,  121 
Broad  street. 

J.  Gilbert,  17  Coenties  Slip. 

J  L.  Warner,  33  Coenties  Slip. 

A.  Hegeman.  23  Water-street. 

C.  H.  Canfield  &  A.  D.  Ladd,  7  Coenties  Slip, 
and  G.  B.  Benjamin  &  J.  H.  Wilgus,  29  Co- 
enties Slip. 

J.  W.  Campbell,  111  Broad-street. 

M.  Gray,  15  South-street. 

J.  Redneld  &  Co.,  82  Cortlandt  &  16  South* 

A.  Whedon,  8  South-street. 
Nelson  Cole,  116  West  street. 
William  Schuyler,  7  South  street. 
Redfield  &  Co  ,  16  South  street. 
L.  K.  Robe  &  J.  Higbee,  119  Broad-street. 
J.  S.  Maynard  &  T.  L.  A.  Carleton,  33  Coenties 
Slip. 

A.  S.  Tefft,  J.  H.  More,  and  H.  P.  Bostwick, 
23  Coenties  Slip. 

Wheeler,  Tracy  &  Co.,  19  Coenties  Slip. 
James  H.  Wilgus,  29  Coenties  Slip. 
T.  M.  Humphrey,  23  Coenties  Slip. 
Rice,  Clapp  &  Co  ,  31  Coenties  Slip. 

G.  It.  Benjamin,  29  Coenties  Slip. 
Silliman  &  Gardiner,  176  Broadway. 

B.  F  Shaw,  17  Coenties  Slip. 

Palmer,  Howell  &  Co.,  and  W.  F.  Leonard, 

tit  Broad  street. 
M   B.  Spaulding   and  H.  H.  Wolcott,  123 

Broad-sireet. 


N.  Y.,  Syracuse,  and  Oswego  Line, 
N.  Y.,  Utica,  and  Oswego  Line, 
Northern  Transportation  Line, 
Nova  Scotia  and  Halifax  Line, 
Ohio  Lake  Boat  Line, 

Ohio  Transportation  Co., 
Old  Line  of  Troy  Tow  Boats, 
Old  Oswego  Line  of  Lake  Boats, 
Oswego  and  Western  Line, 

Oswego  Canal  Line, 
Oswego  Line  of  Lake  and  Canal  Boats. 
Oswego  Transportation  Line, 
Oswego,  Troy,  and  Ohio  Line, 


People's  Oswego  Line, 

Port  Jackson  and  New  York, 

Rochester  City  Line, 

Rome  and  New  York  Line, 
Schenectady  and  N  Y.  Line. 


LINES  OF  PROPELLERS. 


DESTINA- 

\o. 

TIME  UP 

TION. 

NAME  OF  LINE. 

VES. 

SAILING 

Baltimore 

Merchants'  Canal  Lint- 

2 

ev  3  days 

Hartford 

Buck's  Steam  Trans- 

4 

ev  3  days 

portation  Line 

Kinderhook 

Kinderhook  Propeller 
Line 

1 

weekly 

Newark 

T.  V.  Johnson  &  Co 's 

1 

daily 

Line 

Norwich 

New  London  and  Nor 

1 

ev  2  days 

wich  Line 

« 

T.  V.  Johnson  &  Co >s 

i 

ev  3  days 

Philadelphia 

M 

Merchants'  Canal  Line 

8 

daily 

Stock  Line 

1 

ev  3  days 

Princeton 

Merchants'Transporta- 

2 

ev  3  days 

tion  Line 

POINT  OF  DEPARTURE. 

Pier  I,  N.R.,  foot  of  Battery-place. 
Foot  of  Old  Slip,  East  River. 

Pier  32,  N.  R  ,  between  Duane  and 

Jay-streets. 
Pier  19,  N.  R.,  between  Cortlandt  and 

Dey-streets. 
Pier  3,  N.  R.,  between  Battery-place 

and  Morris-street  [Dey-st. 
Pier  19,  N.  R.,  between  Cortlandt  & 
Pier  I,  Jtf.R.,  foot  of  Battery-place. 
Battery-place  Pier,  N.  R. 
Pier  13,  N.  R.,  between  Albany  and 

Cedar-streets. 


80 


TRADE   AND  COMMERCE. 


Lines  of  Steamboats. 


LINES  OF  STEAMBOATS. 


DESTINATION,  j  TIMK  OF  SAILING. 


Albany 


POINT  OF  DEPARTURE. 


1 

2 
3 
4 

B 
6 
7 

8  Allvn's  Point 

9  Bridgeport 

10  Derby 

11  Fall  River 

12  Fiahkill 
13 

14  Flushing 

15  Hartford 

16  Haverstraw 

17  Hudson 

18  Keyport 

19  fvinderhook 

20  Marlborough 

21  Newark 

22  New  Brunsw's 

23  u 

24  Newburzh 
25 

26  New-Haven 
27;Northport 

28  Philadelphia 

29  Piermont 

30  Rondout 

31  Shrewsbury 
32 

33  South  Amboy 

34  Stoninzton 

35  Troy 


daily  (morning; 
Mori.  Wed  6c  FrL  (evening) 
daily  (morninz) 
Mon.  Wed.  6c  Fri.  (evening) 

daily  (evening) 

Tues.  Thnra.  St  Sat.  (evening) 
daily  (evening) 
daily  (evening, 
daily  (afternoon) 
Tues.  Tnurs.  i  Sat. 
daily  (evening) 
Wed.  6c  ShL  (evening) 
Mon.  6c  Thurs.  (evening) 
twice  daQy  (morn'g  Sc  eveng, 
daily  (evcn  ng) 

twice  daily  (morn'g  Sc  even'g) 
'daily  (evening; 
daily  (evening) 
Friday  (evening) 
Mon.  Wed.  6c  Fri.  (eveninz) 


daijy,  except  Friday  (morn  g) 
.Men.  6c  Thura.  (evening) 
'daily  (evening) 
3  times  a  week 
Tues.  Tburs.  6c  Sat  (evening 
3  times  daily 
Jdaily  (evening) 
dai'.y 

Mon.  Wed.  6c  Fri.  (evening) 

3  times  a  day 

daily  (evening) 

I daily,  except  Saturday 


Pier  30.  N.  R ,  fodt  of  Chambers-street 
Pier  27,  N.  R,,  foot  of  Robinson-street 
Pier  24,  N.  R.,  b.  Vesey  and  Barclay. 

IPier  28.  N.  R,  foot  of  Murray- street. 
Pier  27,  N.  R.,  foot  of  Robinson-street 
Pier  27.  N.  R,  foot  of  Robinson-street. 

(Pier  18,  N.  R.,  foot  of  Cortlandt-street 
Pier  18,  N.  R,  foot  of  Cortlandt-streeL 
Pier  25.  E.R.,  Peck  Slip. 
Pier  25,  E.R.,  Peck  Siip. 

:Pier  3,  N.  R,  foot  of  Morris -street 
Pier  27,  N.R.,  foot  of  Robinson-street 

;Pier  29,  N.  R.,  foot  of  Warren-street. 

Pier  22,  E.  R.,  Fulton  Market 

Pier  25,  E.  R.,  Peck  Slip: 

Pier  27,  It.  R.,  foot  of  Robinson-street 

jPier  14,  H.  R.,  foot  of  Cedar-street 

Tier  30.  N.  R.,  foot  of  Chambers-sd-eet 
Pier  32,  W.  R  ,  b.  Duane  and  Jay-sU. 

,Pier  28,  N.  R^,  foot  of  Murray-street 

.Pier  18,  H.  R.,  foot  of  Cortlandt-street 

|  Pier  26,  N.  R ,  b.  Barclay  6c  Robinson. 

iPier  27,  N.  R.,  foot  of  Robinson-street 
Pier  30,  N  R.,  foot  of  Chambers-street 

;  Pier  30,  N.  R.,  foot  of  Chambers-street 
Pier  24,  E.  R..  b.  Beekman  <fc  Peck  Slip 
Pier  22,  E.  R.,  foot  of  Fulton-street 
Pier  12,  N.  R.,  foot  of  Albany-street 

;Pier  31,  N  R.,  foot  of  Duane-street 
Pier  28,  N.  R.,  foot  of  Murray-street 
Pier  24,  £.  R.,  b.  Beekman  &  Peck  Slip. 
Pier  27.  N.  R.,  foot  of  Robinson-street 
Pier  I,  N.  R.,  foot  of  Battery  Place. 

iPier  2,  N.  R..  b.  Battery  PI.  &  Morris-st 

;Pier  17,  H.  R,  foot  of  Cortlandt-street. 


The  following  are  intermediate  landings,  arranged  for  reference  to  the  numbers  of 
the  above  lines.  The  schedule  designates  each  method  of  conveyance  by  steamboat 
to  the  place  specified. 


landing,  and  no.  of  line,  landing,  ano  no.  of  line,  landing,  and  no.  of  line. 


Albanv,  35. 

Amboy,  Perth.  22.  23. 

Amboy,  South,  22,  33. 

Astoria,  14. 

Barrytown,  17. 

Bentley,  22. 

Bristol,  1,  17. 

Brown  s  Dock,  31,  32. 

Caldwell's  I/ft  13.  17,  20,  25. 

Cape  May,  28" 

Catskill,  1.  17,  35. 

Coldsp'g,  N.  R.,  13.  20,  24,  25. 

Coldsprine,  Loner  Island,  27. 

Cornwall,  13.  20,  24,  25. 

Coxsackie,  L 

Cozzens's  Land'g,  13,  17,  25. 
Dobb's  Ferry,  24'. 
Fort  Hamilton,  18. 
French's  Landing,  22,  23. 
Glen  Cove,  27. 


Grassy  Point  13,20,  25. 
Hampton,  17. 
Hastings,  24. 
Haverstraw,  24. 
!  Hudson,  1,35. 
Huntington,  27. 
Huyler's  Landing,  16. 
Hyde  Park,  17. 
Kingston,  1,  17.  35. 
Lonz  Branch,  31. 
Middletown  Point  31,  32. 
Milford,  10. 
Milton,  17. 
,  Mount's  Dock.  31,  32 
Newburzh,  1,  17,  35, 
New  London,  8. 
Newport,  11 
i  Norwalk,  9. 
,  Norwich,  8 
I  Nyack,  16, 


Oceau  House.  31,  32. 

Ovster  Bay.  27. 

Peekskill,  24. 

Port  Washington,  31,  32. 

Pou-hkeepsie,  1,  17,  35. 
|  Red  bank,  31,  32. 
\  Redhook,  17. 

Rocky  Neck,  9. 

Rossville.  22,  23. 

Schenck's  Point  32. 

Sinzsina  16,24. 

Stratford,  10. 

Totttn's  Landinc,  22, 23. 
;<  Tarry  town,  16,24. 
j  Verplanck'B  Point  13,20,  21 

West  Camp,  17. 
I  West  Point,  1,13,24,25. 
•  Whitestone,  27. 
I  Woodbridge,  16,25. 
jiYonkerf  16,24. 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


81 


List  of  Ferries.— Piers  of  New-York. 


Many  of  the  steamers  running  upon  the  Hudson  River  and  Long  Is- 
land Sound  are  magnificent  specimens  of  naval  architecture.  They  are 
built  at  an  expense  exceeding  any  similar  investment  in  any  other  part 
of  the  world.  Their  saloons  are  furnished  with  the  conveniences  and 
decorations  of  the  most  costly  private  residences.  The  capitalists  of 
New-York  have  not  proved  unworthy  successors  of  the  immortal  Fulton. 


LIST  OF  FERRIES. 


DE5TINATIOX. 


NAME  OK  rKRRT. 


TIME  OF 
SAILING. 


Astoria,  Hallet's  Point, 
Brooklyn.  Fulton-street, 

k*  Atlantic-street. 

'*        Hamilton  Avenue. 

M  Main-street, 

"  Hudson  Avenue. 
Calvary  Cemetery,  Long  Is.. 
Elizabethport. 

Fort  Lee.  Tillietudlum.  and 

Bull's  Ferry. 
Greenwood  Cemetery, 
Hoboken, 


Jersey  City.  Montgomery 
Staten  Island.Quarantine.  Sta-| 
pleton  8c  Vander- 
derbilt?s  Landing 
"  ■  New  Brighton," 
Sailors'  Snug 
Harbor,  Factory- 
ville&tPort  Rich- 
mond, 

Williamsburg.  South*  7th-st.. 
"  Grand-street, 


Hell-Gate. 
Fulton. 
South, 
Hamilton, 
Catharine, 
Jackson, 

Calvary  Cemetery, 
Elizabethport  &.N.Y. 
Fort  Lee, 

Greenwood, 
Barclay-street. 
Canal-street, 
C  hristopher-  stree  t. 
Jersey  City. 
Staten  Island, 


every  20  m. 
every  5  m. 
every  8  m. 
every  15  m. 
every  10  m. 
every  10  m. 
hourly, 
I,  9,  5.  6. 
110,2,  •* 

levery  2  h'rs. 
'every  15  m. 
every  15  m. 
;every  15  m. 
levery  15  m. 
j  hourly,  ex- 
cept 12.  M. 


Port  Richmond  and  9,  12,  3  1-4. 
New  Brighton,  6, 


Peck  Slip. 

Houston-street. 

Grand-street, 


boot  of  S6th-street 

Fulton-street. 

Whitehall-street. 

Catharine-street. 
Governeur  Slip.« 
23d-street. 
Battery  Place. 
Spring-street. 

Canal-street. 

Barclay-street. 

Canal-street 

Christopher-street. 

Cortlandt -street. 

Whitehall-street. 


Battery  Place. 


every  lorn, 
every  10  m 
every  10  m 


Peck  Slip. 

Houston-street. 

Grand-street. 


*  On  Monday  and  Saturday  there  is  an  additional  trip  on  this  ferry  at  6.  A.  M. 


PIERS  OF  NEW-YORK. 


1,  2 
3. 
4, 

5, 

6,7,3, 
9. 
10, 

11,12, 
13, 
14, 

15,16, 
17, 
18. 
19, 

20.21, 
22, 
23, 


EAST  RIVER. 

Whitehall-street. 

Moore-street. 

Broad-street. 

b.B'd-st.&CoentiesS. 

Coenties  Slip. 

Cuvler's  Allev. 

b.  Cuvler's  A."&  Old  S. 

Old  Slip. 

Gouverneur's  Lane. 
Jones's  Lane. 
Wall-street. 
Pine-street. 
Maiden  Lane. 
Fletcher-street. 
Burling  Slip. 
Fulton-street. 
Beekman-street. 

4* 


24, 
25, 

26, 27, 
28, 
29, 
30, 

31,  32, 

I  33, 

134,35, 
36, 

37,  38, 
39, 

40, 41, 
42, 

43.44, 
45, 
46, 

I  47, 


b.Beeknian  &  Peck  S. 
Peck  Slip. 

b.  Peck  S.  &  Dover-st 
b.  Dover  &  Roosevelt 
Roosevelt-street, 
b.  Roosevelt  Sc  James. 
James  Slip. 
Oliver-street. 
Catharine  Slip. 
b.Cath'ne&  Market  S. 
Market  Slip, 
b.  Market  <fc  PikeS'ps. 
Pike  Slip. 

b.  Pike  &  Rutgers  S's. 
Rutgers  Slip, 
b.  Rutgers  S.  &  Jefsn, 
Jefferson-street, 
b.  Jefferson  &  Clinton 


48,  Clinton-street. 
49,50,  b.  Clinton  &  Mont'ry. 

51.  Montgomery-street. 
52,  53,  Gouverneur  Slip. 
54.  55,  )  Gouverneur  &  Wal- 

56,  S  nut  Slips. 

57.  Walnut. 

58,59,  b.  Walnut  &  Corlears. 
60,  Corlears-street. 


NORTH  RIVER. 
1,  Battery  Place. 
2,  3,  b.  Bat'ry  P.  &  Morris. 

4,  Morris-street. 
5.  6.  7,  b.  Morris  <fc  Rector. 

8,  Rector-street. 
9,  10,  b.  Rector  &,  Carlisle 


82 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


Atlantic  Dock  Co.— Pilotage. 


28,  Murray-street. 

29,  Warren-street. 

30,  Chambers-street. 

31,  Duane-street. 

32,  b.  Duane  andJay-sts. 

33,  Jay-street.. 

34,  Harrison-street. 

35,  Franklin-street. 

36,  North  Moore-street. 

37,  Beach-street. 

38,  Hubert-street. 

39,  Vestry-street. 
39^,  Desbrosses-street. 

40,  Watts-street. 

41,  b.  Hoboken  &  Canal. 


42,  Canal-street. 
43, 44,  b.  Spring  &  Charlton. 

45,  Charlton-streeL 

46,  King-street. 

47,  Hamersley-street. 

48,  Clarkson-street. 

49,  Leroy-street. 

50,  Morton-street. 
50j,  Barrow-street. 

51,  Christopher-street. 

52,  Amos-street. 

53,  Charles-street. 

54,  Perry-street. 

55,  Hammond-street. 


11,  Carlisle-street. 

12,  Albany-street. 

13,  b.  Albany  &  Cedar. 

14,  Cedar-street. 

15,  Liberty-street. 

16,  b.  Liberty  &  Cortlandt 
17, 18,  Cortlandt-street. 

19,  b.  Cortlandt  &  Dey-st. 

20,  Dey-street. 
21,22,  Fulton-street. 

23,  Vesey-street. 

24,  b.Vesey  &  Barclay. 

25,  Barclay-street. 

26,  b.  Barclay  &  Rob'son. 

27,  Robinson-street. 

The  rapid  extension  of  our  commerce  has  presented  urgent  demands  fo 
the  accommodation  of  boats  and  vessels  in  port.  To  increase  the  com 
mercial  facilities  of  New-York,  by  the  erection  of  piers,  wharves,  and 
basins,  was  therefore  the  object  of  the  incorporation,  in  1840,  of  the 
Atlantic  Dock  Company,  with  a  capital  of  one  million  of  dollars.  Tha 
operations  of  this  company  cover  forty  acres  of  water  surface  in  the  south 
part  of  Brooklyn,  and  they  have  erected  about  one  hundred  four-story 
granite  warehouses.    The  office  of  the  company  is  at  74  Broadway. 

Pilotage  for  the  port  of  New- York  has  been,  until  recently,  regulateo 
by  law,  but  on  the  1st  of  April,  1845,  the  State  government,  owing  to 
obvious  difficulties  connected  with  legislative  monopolies,  repealed  al\ 
laws  relating  to  pilots  and  pilotage  by  way  of  Sandy  Hook,  and  left  it  to 
the  merchants  of  New- York  to  protect  their  own  interests.  Two  associa 
tions  have  been  formed  under  the  titles  of  The  Board  of  Pilot  Commis- 
sioners, (office,  37  South-street,)  and  The  New- York  State  Pilots 
Association,  (office,  179  South-street,)  who  issue  certificates  to  pilots 
and  whose  prices  for  pilotage  are  the  following: 

For  every  vessel  drawing  |  Inward  Outward  If  boarded  out  of  sight  of  Sandy  Hook  Light 
Less  than  14  ft.,  per  foot  $2,00  $1,50  I  House,  ±th  more.  From  Nov.  1st  to  April 
14,  and  less  than  18,  "  '«  2,50  1,75  1st,  $2  added  to  full  pilotage,  if  draught 
18,  and  upwards,       "  «'     3,00       2,25    |    is  less  than  10  feet,  otherwise,  $4. 

Pilotage  of  every  United  States'  or  foreign  armed  vessel,  per  foot,  $5,00. 

"      "     "     foreign  merchant  vessel  not  privileged  by  law,  ±th  more  than  regular 
rates 

The  transportation  from  the  North  to  the  East  River,  and  vice  versa,  is  for 
A  74  gun-ship,  $20 — A  frigate,  $15 — A  sloop-of-war,  $10 — A  merchant- vessel,  $5 
From  Quarantine,  Uh  of  inward  pilotage.    Hauling  into  river,  $3.   For  every  day  s 

detention,  $3. 

The  New-Jersey  Commissioners  of  Pilotage,  (office,  lOo  South- 
street,)  appointed  by  the  Governor  and  Senate  of  New- Jersey,  area  similai 
association,  and  their  prices  for  pilotage  are  the  same. 

The  Helloate  Pilots  (offices,  24  Coenties  Slip,  and  corner  of  Pike 
and  South  streets)  are  incorporated  by  the  State,  and  are  allowed  to  receive 
the  lollowing  prices : 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


83 


Rail-Roads. 


From  or  to  Sand's  P't,  or  Execution  Rocks,  I  From  or  to  Hellgate, 

Forevery  schooner  or  sloop,  per  ft.,  $1,50    For  every  schooner  or  sloop,  per  ft.,  $1,00 
"      "    square  rigged  vessel,  "  "     1  Jo  |    ••      ,l    square  rigged  vessel,  "  "  1,25 
From  Nov.  1st  to  April  1st,  $1  added  to  pilotage  of  every  schooner  or  sloop  :  $2  to 
that  of  every  square  rigged  vessel. 

The  port  of  New- York  is  divided  into  eleven  districts,  each  of  which  is 
under  the  superintendence  of  a  harbor  master,  according  to  the  following 
schedule  : 


HARBOR-MASTERS  OF  NEW-YORK. 

1st  District.  From  Market-st.  up  East  River  to  the  extent  of  the  port  of  New-York. 
Charles  G.  Dean,  office  254  South  st. 

2d  District.  From  Market-st.  to  Fulton  Market.  Charles  Chamberlain,  office  175 
South-st. 

3d  District.  From  Fulton  Market  to  east  side  of  Pier  17  foot  of  Pine-st.  John  Hyer, 
office  78  South-st. 

4th  District.  West  side  of  Pier  17  to  East  side  of  Pier  13.  Gideon  Fountain,  office 
120  Wall-st. 

5th  District.    West  side  of  Pier  13  to  Coenties  Slip.   Henry  Kip,  office  33  South-st. 
6th  District.    Lower  side  of  Coenties  Slip  to  the  Battery.    Abraham  Van  Orden, 
office  13  South-st. 

7th  District.  Battery.  North  River  side,  to  Pier  7  inclusive.  Owen  W.  Brennan, 
office,  46  West-st. 

8th  District.  From  Pier  7.  North  River,  to  Tier  23,  Vesey-st.  inclusive.  James  E. 
Wood,  office  68  West-st. 

9th  District.  From  Pier  23  to  extent  of  port  of  New-York.  Alexander  H.  Schultz, 
office  29  Harrison-st. 

10th  District.  From  Fulton  Ferry,  Brooklyn,  up  the  river.  Francis  B.  Spinola, 
office  29  Fulton-st.,  Brooklyn. 

11th  District.  From  Fulton  Ferry,  Brooklyn,  to  Red  Hook.  Luke  Ryder,  office 
12  Atlantic-st.,  Brooklyn. 

The  following  are  Corporation-Piers  under  the  superintendence  of  Dock  Masters: — 
The  Piers  at  the  foot  of  Market  Catharine,  and  Roosevelt-sts..  Peck  Slip,  Fulton-st., 
Coenties  Slip,  the  Battery,  and  all  the  ferry  slips  on  the  North  River. 


New  York  is  not  only  favorably  situated  for  water-communication  with 
the  other  portions  of  the  continent.  The  most  important  rail-roads  in  the 
country  meet  within  her  borders.  Below  is  a  list  of  those  terminating  in 
the  city. 


LIST    OF  RAIL-ROADS. 
CAMDEN   AND   AM  BOY  RAIL-ROAD. 
From  South  Amboy  to  Camden,  N.  J. — Office,  7  Battery  Place. 

The  trains  of  this  road  connect  with  steamboats  running  from  Pier  No.  1,  North  River, 
to  South  Amboy.  Two  trains  daily  to  Philadelphia ;  additional  emigrant  train  each  day. 
Stations :— South  Amboy,  South  Hiver,  Spots  wood,  Jamesbury,  (Wests)  Prospect  Plains, 
Hightstown,  Centreville,  Newtown,  Sand  Hills,  Bordentown,  Kincora,  Burlington, 
Rancocas,  Philadelphia. 

CENTRAL   RAIL-ROAD   OF   NEW- JERSEY. 

From  Elizabethport,  to  White  House,  N.  J. — Office,  on  Pier  No.  1,  North  River. 

The  trains  of  this  road  connect  with  steamboats,  running  from  Pier  No.  1,  North  River, 
«)  Elizabethport,  and  with  the  trains  of  the  New-Jersey  Rail-road  leaving  the  foot  ot 


B4 


TRADE   AND  COMMERCE. 


Rail-Roads. 


Cortlandt-street,  tbe  same  hour.  Three  trains  daily  to  White  Boose.  Stations  : — 
Hizabeihpor..  Elizabeth-town.  Craneviile,  Westfield.  Scotch  Plains,  Plainfield,  New- 
market,  Bound-Bruok.  BomenriBe^  Ruritan.  North  Blanch,  White  House. 

HOUSATONIC  RAIL-ROAD. 
From  Bridgeport  to  Siate  Line. — Office.  Broad  war.  near  Canal-street. 
The  trains  of  this  road  connect  with  the  trains  of  the  New-Haven  Rail-road,  Two 
trains  dailv.  to  State  Line.  Station : — Bridgeport.  Ct..  Trumbull,  Stepney,  Botsford, 
Newtown.*  Bawleyrille,  BrooknVkL,  New-Mdford.  Gaylord's  Bridge.  Kent,  Cornwall 
Bndee,  West  Cornwall.  Falis  Village,  Canaan,  Sheffield,  Mass.,  Great  Barrington,  Van 
Deuienviile.  West  S;.*ok:brid^e.  State  Line. 

HUDSON    KIYER  RAIL-ROAD. 

From  New- York,  to  Albany. — Office,  comer  of  Hudson  and  Reade-streets.  Directors 

office,  54  Wali-sireet. 

This  road  is  completed  as  far  as  Poughkeepsie.  the  morning  and  evening  trains  con- 
necting at  that  places  with  steamboats,  running  to  Albany.  Six  trains  daily,  to  Pough- 
keeps-e.  Stations:  —  Manhattan  viiie.  Yonkers,  HawtingH,  Do:;l>*s  Ferry,  Dearman, 
Tarrytown.  Sing  Sing.  Croton.  Peekskjll.  Garrison's,  Cold" Spring.  FishskUl",  Low  Point, 
New-Hamburg,  Barnegmt,  Poughkeepsie. 

LONG   ISLAND  RAIL-ROAD. 

From  Brooklyn,  to  Green  port.— Office,  foot  of  Atlantic-street,  Brooklyn. 

This  line  connects  by  steamboats  from  Greenpor;  with  the  Stonington  and  Providence 
Rail-road,  and  with  steamboat  line  fruin  Greenp^rt  to  Hartford.  Two  trains  daily  to 
Greenport-  One  additional  train  daily.  •  3  in  ali.i  to  Farmingdale.  Stations : — Brooklyn. 
Bedford,  East  New- York.  Cnion  Course,  Woodvilie.  Jamaica,  Bushville,  Flushing 
Avenue.  Hyde  Park.  Branch.  Hempstead,  Carle  place.  Westbory,  Hicksville,  Farmingdale, 
Deer  Park,"  Thompson.  Suffolk.  L-ake  road,  Medford,  Yaphank,  St  George's  Manor, 
River  hoad,  Jamesport.  Mattituck,  Cutchogue,  Hermii*ge,  soutfcold,  Greenportx 

MORRIS   AND   ESSEX  RAIL-ROAD. 

From  Newark  to  Dover. — Office,  Jersey  City. 

This  road  connects  with  the  NewJersey  Rail-rocd.  at  Newark.  Three  trains  daily  to 
Dover.  Stations :— Newark.  Orange  South  Orange.  Mitviile,  Summit,  Chatham,  Madi- 
son, Morristown.  Morris  plains,  Ebnviile,  Rockaway,  Dover. 

NEW-JERSEY'  RAIL-ROAD. 

From  Jersey  City,  to  Philadelphia.— Office,  foot  of  C ortland t -street. 

Three  trains  daily  to  Philadelphia-  One  additional  (4  in  all)  to  New-Brunswick. 
Three  additional  0  in  all'i  to  K  ah  way.  Five  additional  (IS  in  all)  to  Newark.  Stations: — 
Jersey  City.  Newark.  Elizabeth-town,  Rahway,  Metuchin.  New-Brunswick.  Dean's  Pond, 
Kingston,  Princeton,  Clarksville,  Trenton,  Morrisville,  Tulhtown,  Bristol,  Cornwells, 
Tacony,  Philadelphia. 

NEW-YORK   AND   ERIE  RAIL-ROAD. 

From  Piermont  to  Lake  Erie. — Office,  foot  of  Duane-street. 

This  road  is  completed  as  far  as  Corning.  Trains  connect  at  Elmira,  with  other  lines  for 
Buffalo.  Fassenirers  proceed  from  New  York  to  Piermont,  by  steamboat,  from  foot  of 
Duane-street.  Two  trains  daily,  to  Corning.  One  additional  (3  in  all)  to  Elmira,  one 
other  (3  in  all)  to  Otisville.  Stations :— Piermont,  Blauveltville,  Clarkstown,  Spring 
Valley,  Monsey,  Sufferns,  Ramapo  Works,  Sloatsburg.  Monroe  Works,  Wilk'a,  Turner'a, 
Monroe,  Oxford,  Chester,  Goshen,  New-Hampton,  Widdletown  Howell's,  Ousville,  Shin 
Hollow.  Port  Jarvis,  Stairway brook,  Pond  Eddy,  Turnout  Barry ville,  Lackawaxen, 
Mast  Hope,  Delaware  Bridge.  Narrows  burg,  Cocbecton,  CaUicoon,  Hank  ins,  Equinunk, 
Stockport.  Chehocton,  Monument,  Deposit,  Summit,  Lanes  bo  ro',  Great  Bend,  Windsor 
Road,  Binghamton,  N.  Y.  Union,  Campville,  Owego,  Tioga  Centre,  Smithboro",  Barton, 
Raymond,  Factory  ville,  Chemung,  Wellsburg,  Elmira,  Junction,  Big  Flatt,  Corning. 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


85 


Foreign  Consuls  in  the  Port  of  New -York. 


NEW-YORK   AND    HARLEM    KAIL  ROAD. 

From  New-York,  to  Dover  Plains.— Office,  4  Tryon  place,  City  Hall. 

Two  trains  daily  to  Dover  Plains.  Two  additional  (4  in  all)  to  Croton  Falls.  One 
additional  (5  in  all)  to  White  Plains.  Two  additional  (7  in  all)  to  William's  Bridge. 
Five  additional  (12  in  all)  to  Harlem.  Stations: — New- York  and  Harlem  Harlem  and 
Mott  Haven,  Morrisania,  Fordham,  William's  Bridge,  Hunt's  Bridge,  Bronxviile,  Hart's 
Corners,  Scarsdale,  Tuckahoe,  White  Plains,  Kensico,  Pleasant vdle,  New  Castle, 
Bedford,  Mechanicsville,  Purdys,  Croton  Falls.  Brewsters,  Towners  Patterson,  L'awlings, 
South  Dover  Dover  Furnace,  Dover  Plains. 


NEW-YORK  AND  NEW-HAVEN  RAILROAD. 

From  New  York  to  New  Haven. — Office,  Broadway,  near  Canal-street. 

Four  trains  daily  to  New-Haven,  one  additional  (B  in  all)  to  Bridgeport,  one  other 
(5  in  all)  to  Norwalk.  Stations: — New-Rochelle,  Mamaroneck,  Rye,  Port  Chester, 
Greenwich,  Stamford,  Darien,  Norwalk,  Westport,  Southport,  Fairfield,  Bridgeport, 
Stratford,  Milford,  New-Haven. 


RAMAPO  AND  PATERSON  RAIL-ROAD. 

From  Jersey-City  to  Sufferns.— Office,  Jersey-City. 

Three  trains  daily  to  Sufferns,  two  additional  (5  in  nil)  to  Paterson.  Stations— 
Jersey-City,  Bergen,  Seaeocus,  Hackensack  Bridye,  Boiling  Spring,  Passaic  Bridge,  Huy- 
lers,  Ackerman's  L.  Paterson.  River  Road,  Rock  Road,  Godwinville,  Hohokns,  Allen 
dale,  Ramsey's,  Goctschius,  Wanmaker's,  Sufferns. 


The  commercial  relations  of  New  York  have  been  extended  to  almost 
every  country  of  the  world,  and  every  civilized  nation  of  character  is 
represented  at  her  port,  as  will  appear  from  the  following  list  of  the 

FOREIGN  CONSULS  FOR  THE  PORT  OF  NEW  YORK. 


COUNTRY. 


I 


Argentine  Confederation. — Carlos  de  At- 

vear,  Minister  Plenipotentiary.  773  B'dw. 

Schuyler  Livingston,  Consul,  24  Beaver. 
Austria.— August  Belmont  67  Wall-street. 
Baden.— John  W.  Schmidt,  56  New-street. 
Bavaria. — George  H.  Siemon,  149  BMway. 
Belgium. — Auguste  Moxhet,  27  Beaver-st. 

Hippolyte  Mali,  (V.  C  )  27  Beaver-street. 
Brazil—  Louis  F.  de  Aguiar,34  Platt-street. 

Louis  F.  de  Figaniere.  (V.  C  )  " 
Bremen. — Edwin  A.  Oelrichs,  73  New  st. 
Brunswick.—G.  J.  Betchel,  17  S.  William. 
Buenos  Jiyres — S.Livingston,  24  Beaver-st 
Chili  —  Franklin  H.  Delano,78  South-street. 
Denmark.—  Edward  Bech,  69  West-street. 

Andreas  A.  Meincke,  Act.  Con.,  93  Wall-st. 
France.— Felix  Lacoste,  18  South  William. 

Louis  Borg,  (Vice  Consul  )  u 
Frankfort. — Fred.  Wissman,  5  Hanover-st. 
Great  Britain—  A.  Barclay,  58  Barclay-st. 

Robert  Bunch,  (V.  C.)  " 
Greece.— Eugene  Dutilh,  23  S.  William-st. 


Hamburg. — Ferdinand  Karck.  57  Broad-st. 

Hanover.— L.  H.  Meyer,  (absent)  34  New-et 
Edward  Stucken,  (Vice  Consul)  34  New- 
street. 

I  Hesse.  Electoral  —  C.  W.  Faber,  40  New-st. 

Hr.ss',  Grand  Duchy  r//l— Anthony  Boller- 
mann.  156  Broadway. 

Lubec. — George  W.Kruger,(absent)  73  New. 
E.  A.  Oelrichs.  Acting  Consul  k< 

Mecklenburg  — C.  A.  Ueckscher,  45  South. 

Mexico  — W.  G  Stewart,(V.  C  )74  Br'dway. 

Montevideo.—  John  L  Darbv,  83  Wall-st. 
George  F.  Darby,  (V  C  )  94  Wall-street. 

Naples. — (See  "  The  Two  Sicilies.") 

Nassau  — William  A  Kobbe,29  William-st. 

Netherlands  .—John  C.  Zimmerman,  24  Ex- 
change-place. 

New  Granada. — Gregoria  Dominguez,  30 
Coenties  slip. 

Norway.— Claudius  E.  Habicht,  94  Wall-st 

Oldenburg  —Edmund  Pavenstedt,38  New. 

Peru.— Thomas  Gal  way,  76  Broad-streeU 


86 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


Post  Office.— Rates  of  Postage. 


COUNTRY.  NAME. 


Portugal.— C.  H.  S.  de  la  Figaniere,  6~ 

Water-street. 
Prussia.— John  W.  Schmidt,  56  New-st. 
Roman  States. — L.  BBinsse,  43  John. 
Russia. — Alexis  Kustaphieve,  69  West-st. 

George  E.  Kiinhar.lt,  (V.  C.) 
Sardinia. —    Charles  h  errero.  78  Broad. 
Saxc  Altenburg.— Carl  Hinrichs,  114  Pearl. 
Saxe  Coburg  and  Gotha. —  "  "  I 


COUNTRY.  NAME. 


Saxe  Weimar. — Eisenach  StucRen,34  New 
Saxony. — John  W.  Schmidt,  56  New-streef 
Sicilies  (the  two). — S.  Dacorsi,  71  Broad-sf 
Spain. — F.  Stoughton,  115  Leonard-street. 
Sweden.— Claudius  E.  Habicht,  94  Wall-st. 
Switzerland. — Louis  P.  de  Luzp,  43  New-st. 

.  Tuscany. — W.  H.  Aspinwall,  55  South-st. 

|  Venezuela — Thos.  Williams,  414  B'dway 
Wurtemberg. — Leopold  Bierwirth,  40  New. 


To  a  commercial  community,  the  rapid  transmission  of  intelligence  is 
highly  desirable.  The  Post-Office  department,  the  magnetic  telegraph, 
and  the  commercial  journals,  afford  such  mediums  to  the  merchants  of 
New- York. 

The  Post-Office  now  occupies  the  old  Middle  Dutch  Church,  situated 
on  Cedar,  Nassau,  and  Liberty  streets.  This  building  is  venerable  for  its 
age,  and  noted  lor  its  historical  associations.  It  was  erected  in  1729. 
During  the  war  of  the  Revolution  it  was  desecrated  by  the  British  soldiery. 
The  interior  wood- work  was  demolished,  and  Ihe  building  used  first  as  a 
prison,  and  afterwards  as  a  riding  school  for  practice  in  the  art  of  horse- 
manship. In  1844,  its  use  as  a  church  was  relinquished,  and  a  seven- 
years  lease  given  to  the  general  government,  at  the  annual  rent  of  $5000. 

The  New- York  Post-Office  is  nn  immense  establishment.  About  seven- 
ty-six clerks  are  employed  in  the  various  departments.  Some  portion  of 
them  are  on  duty  at  every  hour  of  the  day  and  night,  so  that  the  office  is 
never  closed.  About  40,000  letters,  and  three  times  that  number  of  news- 
papers, pass  through  the  Post  0  Tice  daily. 

The  present  postmaster  is  William  V.  Brady.  The  hours  for  delivery 
are  from  8,  A.  M.  to  7,  P.  M.,  daily,  with  the  exception  of  Sunday, 
when  the  office  is  open  from  9  to  10,  A.  M.,  and  from  12  1-2  to  1  1-2, 
P.  M.  For  genera]  convenience,  it  may  be  well  to  subjoin  the  following 
schedule  of  the 

RATES  OF  POSTAGE. 
Single  Letters,  or  any  number  of  pieces  not  exceeding  half  an  ounce,  300  miles 
or  less,  Scents;  if  ever  300  mi  lea,  10  cents:  over  half  an  ounce,  and  not  exceeding  an 
ounce,  double  postage.    For  each  additional  ounce,  or  part  thereof,  single  postage  is 
added. 

Newspapers,  not  exceeding  1900  square  inches  in  size,  under  100  miles,  or  any 
difttaDCe  within  the  state,  1  cent:  over  100  miles,  and  out  of  the  state,  H  cents.  For 
larger  sizes  the  same  postage  is  charged  as  on  pamphlets.  Transient  newspapers  must 
be  prepaid. 

Pamphlets,  Magazines,  and  Periodicals,  not  exceeding  an  ounce,  for  any  dis- 
tance, 2£  cents.  Each  additional  ounce,  or  fraction  over  half  an  ounce,  1  cent.  A 
fractional  excess  of  less  than  half  an  ounce  is  not  counted. 

ClBOULAM  and  Handbills,  of  every  description,  unsealed,  for  any  distance,  3 
cents  each  sheet,  prepaid. 

Drop  Lettkrs,  (not  mailed,)  2  cents.  Advertised  letters  are  chargod  the  cost  of 
advertising,  not  exceeding  4  ceuts. 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


87 


New-York  Cheap  Postage  Association. 


FOREIGN  AND  SEA  POSTAGE. — Letters.  To  Havana,  from  any  part  of  the 
United  States,  single  rate,  12£  cents  ;  Chagres,  20  cents  ;  Panama,  30  cents}  prepaid.  To 
United  States  territories  on  the  Pacific,  40  cents,  prepaid,  or  not. 

To  England,  Ireland,  or  Scotland,  from  any  part  of  the  United  States,  by  British  or 
American  steamers,  24  cents  a  single  rate,  prepaid  or  not.  Letters  on  which  less  than 
24  cents  have  been  paid,  are  considered  unpaid. 

To  the  following  foreign  countries  and  places,  the  American  postage  must  be  prepaid, 
5  cents  a  single  rate,  if  sent  by  a  British  steamer,  and  21  cents,  if  sent  by  an  American 
steamer — the  residue  of  the  postage  being  paid  in  each  foreign  country — Alexandria, 
Brunswick,  Beyroot,  Dardanelles,  Denmark,  France,  German  States,  Gibraltar,  Greece, 
Mecklenburg  Schwerin,  Mecklenburg  Strelitz,  Moldavia,  Naples,  Norway,  Oldenburg, 
Poland,  Prussia,  Roman  States,  Russia,  Saxony,  Scutari,  Smyrna,  Sweden,  Switzer- 
land, Turkey  in  Europe,  and  Tuscany,  via  Marseilles;  and  Algeria,  Austria  and  the  Aus- 
trian States,  Baden,  Bavaria,  Belgium,  Bremen,  Hamburg  and  Cuxhaven,  Hanover, 
Holland,  Hong  Kong,  Ionian  Islands,  Lubec,  Malta,  Venetian  States,  Wallachia, 
Wurtemburg,  West  Indies  and  British  Possessions. 

To  the  German  States  and  countries  east  and  south  of  them,  by  the  American  line  to 
Bremen,  24  cents  a  single  rate,  with  inland  postage  added,  prepaid  or  not. 

To  the  following  foreign  countries,  by  the  routes  named,  the  entire  postage  must  be 
prepaid.  For  single  letters,  which  must  not  exceed  1-2  oz.  in  weight,  to  Aden,  (Asia,) 
Ceylon,  China,  East  Indies,  New-Grenada,  Philippine  Islands,  and  Venezuela,  via 
Southampton,  4a  cents  ;  Gaudaloupe,  Hayti,  Martinique,  Porto  Rico,  St.  Croix,  St. 
Eustatius,  St.  Martin,  St.  Thomas,  via  Southampton,  55  cents;  Egypt,  Greece,  and 
Syria,  via  Southampton,  57  cents;  Portugal,  via  Southampton,  63  cents;  Madeira, 
via  Southampton,  t>5  cents  ;  Spain,  via  Southampton,  73  cents;  Cuba,  via  Southamp- 
ton, 75  cents;  Mauritius,  via  Southampton  and  India,  45  cents;  Australia,  Borneo, 
Bourbon,  Java,  Labuan,  New  South  Wales,  New-Zealand,  Sumatra,  Van  Dieman's 
Land,  via  Southampton  and  India,  53  cents ;  the  Azores,  via  Southampton  and  Lis- 
bon, 63  cents;  Canary  Islands,  via  Falmouth,  65  cents;  Buenos  Ayres,  Montevideo, 
via  Falmouth,  83  cents;  Brazils,  via  Falmouth,  87  cents;  Heligoland,  via  London, 
33  cents;  Lucea,  Modena,  Parma,  and  Placentia,  via  France,  31  cents;  Australia, 
New  South  Wales,  New-Zealand,  by  private  ship,  37  cents  ;  Cape  de  Verde  Islands, 
65  cents:  Moluccas,  53  cents;  Sierra  Leone,  45  cents ;  and  to  any  British  colony  or 
foreign  country,  when  conveyed  to  or  from  the  United  Kingdom  by  private  ship,  37 
cents.  For  single  letters  which  must  be  less  than  1-4  oz.  in  weight,  to  Aden,  East 
India,  Ceylon,  China,  Hong  Kong,  Mauritius,  and  the  Philippine  Islands,  by  closed 
mail,  via  Marseilles.  tota*l  postage,  (including  British  and  Sea,  Foreign,  and  American 
Inland  postage,^  65  cents;  Australia,  New-Zealand,  Van  Dieman's  Land,  Borneo, 
Bourbon,  Java,  Labuan,  Moluccas,  Sumatra,  or  any  other  place  in  the  Indian  Archi- 
peligo,  by  closed  mail,  via  Marseilles,  total  postage,  73  cents;  Egypt  and  Syria, 
by  closed  mail,  via  Marseilles,  total  postage,  61  cents;  Egypt,  Syria,  Sicily,  and 
Tunis,  by  French  packet,  via  Marseilles,  total  postage,  51  cents  ;  and  to  Sardinia  and 
Spain,  via  France,  total  postage,  41  cents. 

Newspapers.  To  England,  Ireland,  and  Scotland,  from  any  part  of  the  United 
States,  2  cents  each,  prepaid.  To  those  countries  where  only  the  American  postage  on 
letters  is  to  be  prepaid,  2  cents  each,  prepaid.  To  those  countries  mentioned  above 
where  the  entire  postage  is  to  be  prepaid,  4  cents  each,  prepaid. 

A  deep  interest  has  been  awakened  at  New- York  in  the  cause  of  cheap 
postage.  Not  satisfied  with  the  present  reduction  in  the  rates  of  postage, 
the  merchants  of  New- York  desire  further  postal  reforms.  To  aid  in  ac- 
complishing this  object,  a  society  was  organized,  at  a  meeting  held  at  the 
Merchants'  Exchange,  on  the  26th  of  May,  1848,  under  the  title  of 
*'  The  New-York  Cheap  Postage  Association."  The  object  aimed  at 
by  the  association  is,  to  effect  a  postal  reform,  by  which  pre-paid  letters, 
under  half  an  ounce,  shall  be  carried  for  two  cents  to  any  part  of  the 
Union,  allowing  higher  rates  for  letters  not  pre-paid ;  with  a  correspond- 
ing reduction  on  newspapers,  and  other  printed  matter,  not  to  exceed  one 


88 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


Magnetic  Telegraph  Lines. 

cent  per  sheet  for  any  distance.*  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  Congress  will  soon 
be  convinced  that  the  interests  of  the  community  urgently  demand  the  pro- 
posed reforms. 

Magnetic  Telegraph  Lines  already  connect  the  most  important  cities 
of  the  Union.  Below  are  given  those  terminating  in  New-York,  with  the 
locations  of  their  offices,  and  the  prices  charged  for  communications. 

MAGNETIC  TELEGRAPH  LINES. 


BAIN'S  CHEMICAL  TELEGRAPH  CO.  (MERCHANTS'  LINE,)  29  Wall-street. 


PRICE- 

PRICE. 

DESTINATION. 

Ten 
Words, 

Each  add;l 
Word. 

j  DESTINATION. 

| 

Ten 

Words. 

Each  add'l 
Word. 

Stamford 
Bridgeport 
New- Haven 
Middle  ton 

•20  cents 
20  i< 
20  i; 
20  " 

2  cents 
2  - 
2  u 
2 

1  Norwich 
Providence 
Boston 

20  cents 
20  " 
20  " 

2  cents 
2  " 
2  u 

Messages  forwarded  to  points  east  of  Boston. 


(BAIN'S)  NEW  YORK  STATE  TELEGRAPH  CO.,  29  Wall-street. 


DESTINATION. 

Newbury 

Rondout 

Kingston 

Albany 

Troy 

West  Troy 
Lansingburgh 


Ten  E.ad. 
Wds. |  Wd. 
20  " 
20 
20 
30 
30 
30 
30 


DES  riNATlON. 


Utica 

Fort  Plain 

Syracuse 

Oswego 

Ogdensburg 

Auburn 


Ten 

Wds 

E  ad. 
Wd. 

DESTINATION. 

Ten 
Wds. 

E.ad. 
Wd. 

30 

2 

Palmyra 

40 

3 

30 

2 

Newark 

40 

3 

40 

3 

Rochester 

40 

3 

40 

3 

Brockport 

40 

3 

40 

3 

Lockport 

40 

3 

40 

3 

Buflalo 

40 

3 

(BAIN'S)  NORTH  AMERICAN  TELEGRAPH  CO.,  29  Wall-street. 


DESTINATION. 

Ten 
Words 

Each  add'l 
Word. 

DESTINATION. 

Ten 
Words 

Each  add'l 
Word. 

Philadelphia 
Wilmington 

25  cents. 
35  " 

2  cents 
8    "  1 

Baltimore 
Washington 

50  cents 
50  " 

4  cents- 

5  " 

Dispatches  are  forwarded  by  this  Company  over  the  O'Rielly  Lines  to  the  principal 
towns  and  cities  of  the  United  States  and  Canada. 


HOUSE'S  BOSTON  AND  N.  YORK  LETTER-PRINTING  TEL.  CO.,  8  Wall-st 


DESTINATION  . 

Ten 

Wds. 

E  ad 
Wd. 

DESTINATION. 

Ten 

Wds. 

E.  adl 

Wd. 

DESTINATION. 

TeniE.ad 
Wds.  Wd. 

New  Haven 
Hartford 

20 
20 

2 
2 

1  Springfield 
|  Providence 

20 
20 

2 

a 

j  Boston 

20  2 

*  Constitution  of  the  N.  Y.  Cheap  Postage  Association. 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


89 


Magnetic  Tclegaph  Lines. 


(HOUSE'S)  NEW  YORK  STATE  PRINTING  TELEGRAPH  CO..  S  Wall-st. 


DESTINATION. 

Ten 

Wds 

E  ad] 
Wd  ' 

DESTINATION. 

Ten 

Wds. 

K.  adj 
Wd. 

DESTINATION. 

Ten 
Wds. 

E.  ad 
Wd. 

Poughkeepsie 

20 

1 

Schoharrie 

30 

r 

R  o  •  hester 

40 

3 

Hudson 

20 

Utica 

30 

Albion 

40 

3 

Troy 

30 

2 

Syracuse 

40 

3 

Lockport 

40 

3 

Albany 

30 

i  . 

Lyons 

40 

3  i 

Bufiv.io 

,  40 

3 

Communicacions  forwarded  to  all  parts  of  the  West. 


(HOUSE'S)  PHILADELPHIA  LETTER  PRINTING  TELEGRAPH  CO..  8  Wall  st. 


DESTINATION. 

Ten  Words. 

|    Each  additional  Word. 

Philadelphia 

25  cents. 

j             2  cents. 

This  line  connects  with  the  principal  towns  and  cities 

of  the  South  and  South- West. 

(MORSE'S)  NEW  YORK.  ALBANY.  AND  BUFFALO  TEL.  CO..  16  Wall-st. 


DESTINATION. 

Ten 

E.  ad 

Ten 

E.  ad 

DESTINATION. 

Ten 

£.  ad 

Wds 

Wd. 

DESTINATION. 

Wd- 

Wd 

vVds 

W± 

Carmel.C. Falls 

20 

Utica 

HO 

o 

Batavia 

40 

3 

Poughkeepsie 

20 

1 

Rome 

30 

2  ! 

Buffalo 

40 

3 

Hudson 

20 

1 

Syracuse 

40 

3 

Oswego 

65 

5 

Troy 

30 

0 

Auburn 

40 

3  ! 

Saratoga 

55 

4 

.Albany 

30 

2 

Geneva 

40 

3  ! 

Lockport 

65 

4 

Schenectady 

30 

2 

C  anandaigua 

40 

3 

Niagara 

65 

4 

Little  Falls 

30 

V2 

Rochester 

40 

This  Line  connects  with  the  principal  cities  and  towns.  North.  West,  and  South- West. 


(MORSE'S)  N.  Y.  &  BOSTON  MAGNETIC  TEL.  ASSOCIATION"  .  5  Hanover  st. 


DESTINATION, 

Ten 
Wds- 

E.adi: 

-y^/j     j  DESTINATION. 

Ten 

E  ad)! 

Wd  DESTINATION. 

Ten 
Wds. 

K  ad 
Wd. 

Stamford 

20 

2    j|  Hartford. 

2     j  Worcester 

20 

2 

Bridgeport 

20 

2    1  Springfield 

20 

2    !  Boston 

20 

2 

New  Haven 

20 

,   2  H 

B 

This  Company  transmits  messages  to  all  Eastern  places. 


(MORSE'S)  NEW  YORK.  ERIE,  AND  MICHIGAN  TEL.CC    5  I  rn/er  it  reet. 


DESTINATION. 

Ten 

Wds. 

E.  ad 
Wd 

1 

DESTINATION. 

Ten 
Wds 

E.  ad' 
Wd. 

DESTINATION 

Ten 
Wds 

E.  8( 

Wd. 

Peekskill 

20 

Honesdale 

25 

2  I 

Jefferson 

40 

2 

Cold  Spring 

20 

1 

V  ontrose 

35 

2  1 

Dansville 

45 

3 

Newburgh 

20 

1 

Binghampton 

40 

2  ! 

Nunda 

45 

3 

Goshen 

25 

1 

Owego 

40 

o 

Pike 

45 

3 

Middletown 

25_ 

1 

Ithaca 

40 

2  I 

Fredonia 

50 

3 

This  Company  forwards  messages  to  Western  and  South- Western  places. 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE. 


00 


Magnetic  Telegraph  Lines.— Commercial  Newspapers. 


I  MORSE'S)  NEW-YORK  &  WASHINGTON  TELEGRAPH  CO..  5  Hanover-st. 


DESTIXATIOX. 

Ten 

Wds. 

,E.  ad 
Wd. 

DF.STINATIOX. 

[Ten 
1  Wd? 

E.ad! 
Wd 

DESTINATION". 

Newark 

10 

Trenton 

2G 

2 

Havre  de  Gr. 

N.  Brunswick 

lu 

1  1 

Philadelphia 

Baltimore 

Princeton 

lb 

Wilmington 

!  35 

3 

Washington 

(MORSE'S)  WASHINGTON  Sc  N.  ORLEANS  TELEGRAPH  CO.,  Hanover-st., 
cor.  Exchange-place. 


DESTINATION. 

Ten 

Wds 

E.  ad 
Wd 

|  DESTINATION. 

Ten 

Wds. 

E.  ad- 
Wd.  | 

DESTINATION. 

Ten 
Wds. 

E.  ad 
Wd. 

Georgetown 

55 

5 

j  Cheraw 

97 

n 

Macon 

166~ 

10 

Alexandria 

56 

5 

j  Camden 

103 

Columbus 

175 

11 

F  redericksburg 

64 

5 

J  Columbia 

106 

7 

Montgomery 

185 

11 

Richmond 

67 

5 

i  Charleston 

119 

Cahawba 

190 

12 

Petersburg 

69 

5 

Augusta 

133 

S  ! 

Mobile 

•207 

12 

Baleigh 

84 

6 

J  Savannah 

146 

New  Orleans 

240 

14 

Fayetteville 

90 

7  l 

9  1 

0'RIELLY;S  ATLANTIC  LAKE  &  MISSISSIPPI  TELEGRAPH  LINES, 
Connecting  with  all  sections  of  the  United  States.    General  Office.  1S1  Broadway. 


COMMERCIAL  NEWSPAPERS. 

The  offices  of  the  principal  Commercial  Newspapers  are  in,  or 
near  Wall-street.  Though  most  of  the  daily  papers  devote  much  room  to 
commercial  intelligence,  yet  a  few  of  them  are  more  exclusively  con- 
fined to  topics  of  mercantile  interest.  Of  the  morning  papers,  the  "  Jour- 
nal of  Commerce,"  the  M  Courier  and  Enquirer,"  and  the  "  Express  f* 
and  of  the  evening  papers,  the  "Commercial  Advertiser,"  and  the 
"  Evening  Post,"  may  be  considered  the  principal  commercial  journals. 
But  all  the  daily  papers,  with  the  locations  of  their  offices,  will  be  given 
in  a  subsequent  chapter. 


CHAPTER  V. 


MORALS  AND  RELIGION. 

Large  cities  never  present  a  pleasing  view  to  the  eye  of  the  moralist. 
Where  multitudes,  of  all  opinions,  characters  and  pursuits,  congregate, 
vice  is  more  open  in  appearance  and  more  successful  in  operation. 
Companions  are  found  to  suit  every  taste,  and  individual  turpitude 
escapes,  in  the  mass,  its  merited  disgrace. 

"We  are  not  disposed  to  overlook  the  fact  that  New- York,  in  common 
with  other  large  cities,  furnishes  a  poor  soil  for  the  growtli  of  morality. 
The  metropolis  of  this  continent,  it  is  true,  ranks  in  this  respect  far 
above  European  cities  of  equal  size.  But  this  advantage  is  to  be  traced  to 
the  superiority  of  our  national  character,  and  not  to  any  circumstances  or 
principle  peculiar  to  this  city.  Fortuitous  circumstances  may  indeed 
elevate  the  moral  character  of  Xew-York  above  that  of  some  of  the 
smaller  cities  of  the  Union.  But,  in  general,  an  equal  population,  scat- 
tered through  the  towns  and  villages  of  the  country,  is  more  deeply 
stamped  with  conformity  to  the  dictates  of  conscience  and  of  religion. 

It  would  be  folly  to  deny  that  hundreds  of  youth,  nocking  to  Xew-York 
from  various  sections  of  the  Union,  are  annually  drawn  into  those  whirl 
pools  of  vice  with  which  a  large  city  abounds.  Educated  perhaps  in 
correct  principles,  but  inexperienced  in  the  wiles  of  those  who  trade  in 
vice,  the  new  comer  rushes  into  the  vortex,  and  is  ruined.  The  theater 
presents  its  gorgeous  pageantry ;  the  haunts  of  fashionable  intemperance 
exhibit  their  glittering  decorations  ;  the  gaming  table  allures  with  its  en- 
ticing arts  :  debauchery  sets  before  him  its  gilded  pleasures;  kis  eyes  are 
dazzled,  he  becomes  dizzy,  and  falls.  The  only  safeguard  in  a  populous 
city  is,  a  moral  principle,  too  elevated  to  be  swayed  by  ridicule,  and  too 
deeply  seated  to  allow  the  first  dereliction.  Such  a  principle  constitutes 
true  independence,  and  is  the  foundation  of  all  nobleness  of  character. 

It  will  be  expected  that,  in  a  work  of  this  kind,  some  mention  will  be 
made  of  the  theaters  ;  but,  as  we  shall  allude  to  them  only  to  condemn 
.heir  influence,  they  will  find  no  place  beyond  the  limits  of  the  present 


MORALS   AND  RELIGION. 


The  Reformed  Dutch  Church. 

chapter.  Whether  the  legitimate  drama  ought,  or  ought  not  to  be  sus 
tained,  it  is  not  now  our  purpose  to  inquire.  So  long  as  the  theater,  as 
at  present  conducted,  is  a  school  of  vice  ;  so  long  as  the  representations 
that  present  the  most  unnatural  views  of  life,  or  exhibit  its  most  degrad- 
ing scenes,  are  those  that  especially  find  favor  with  the  public  ;  so  long  as 
nearly  every  playhouse  in  the  city  is  the  center  of  a  cluster  of  drinking  or 
gaming  houses  ;  so  long  as  the  profession  whose  lives  are  spent  upon  the 
stage,  are  marked,  with  few  exceptions,  by  a  state  of  morals  humiliating 
to  human  nature;  we  shall  be  satisfied  with  leaving  unnoticed  institutions 
of  this  character,  except  to  denounce  them  as  one  of  the  chief  causes  of 
the  immorality  of  New- York. 

To  those  who  deprecate  the  influence  of  the  theater,  it  may  be  an  evi- 
dence of  improvement  in  the  public  taste,  that,  during  a  period  in  which 
the  population  of  the  city  has  doubled,  and  the  number  of  the  temples  of 
religion  has  more  than  doubled,  the  temples  of  the  drama  have  scarcely 
increased  in  number.  Whether  this  fact  is  to  be  attributed  to  a  greater 
patronage  bestowed  upon  those  already  existing,  or  whether  it  indicate  a 
more  elevated  state  of  public  morals,  we  will  not  undertake  to  say.  We 
will  rather  turn  our  attention  to  those  edifices  of  religious  worship,  that 
so  often  meet  the  eye  of  the  beholder,  as  he  traverses  the  streets  of  New- 
York. 

In  giving  the  locations  of  the  churches,  we  shall  prefix  a  brief  sketch 
of  the  rise  and  progress  of  each  religious  denomination  in  the  city.* 

THE  REFORMED  DUTCH  CHURCH 

Was  the  first  that  made  its  appearance  in  New- York.  The  early  colo- 
nists did  not  forsake  the  principles  they  had  embraced  in  the  father-land. 
In  1626,  a  religious  society  is  supposed  to  have  been  organized,  and,  in 
1633,  a  church  edifice  was  erected  which,  in  1642,  gave  place  to  a  new 
buildingf  in  the  fort,  subsequently  relinquished  to  the  use  of  the  English. 
In  1693,  the  Dutch,  overcoming  the  objection  that  the  location  was  "  too 
far  out  of  town,"  erected  in  Garden-street  another  house  of  worship, 
afterwards  known  as  the  "  South  Dutch  Church."  This,  with  the  "  Middle 
Dutch  Church,"  in  Nassau-street,  erected  in  1729,  and  "  the  North  Dutch 
Church"  on  the  present  corner  of  Fulton  and  William  streets  erected  in 

*  Tlie  materials  for  these  sketches  have  been  drawn  from  the  colonial  histories, 
ecclesiastical  reports,  histories  of  individual  denominations.  Greenleal's  Churches  of 
N.  Y..  Churches  of  N.  Y.  (R.  Carter.  1838.)  and  the  communications  of  individuals. 

f  Most  writers  who  have  spoken  of  this  building,  have  called  it  "  the  first  church. " 
In  the  case  of  the  critical  Moulton,  (New-Orange,  25.)  the  error  is  remarkable,  as 
he  quotes,  (p  26.)  an  extract  from  the  Voyages  of  De  Vries  which  implies  the  ex- 
istence of  a  former  church,  and.  in  a  previous  work,  (Hist.  N.  Y.  428.)  he  alludes  to 
the  church  erected  bv  Van  T wilier.  Henrv  C.  Murphv.  Esq.,  in  note  to  the  transla- 
tion of  the  "  Representation  of  New-Nctherland,"  (II.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Coll.  Ii.  328,  329,) 
falls  into  the  same  error  ;  as  al-o  Giecnleaf,  who  copies,  (p.  9,)  from  Watson  the  ex- 
tract above  alluded  to,  and  all  local  compilers. 


MORALS  AND  RELIGION". 


93 


The  Frieuds. 


'  1769,  constituted  the  "  Collegiate  Church."  During  the  war  of  the  Re- 
volution, the  North  and  Middle  Dutch  Churches  suffered  greatly  from  the 
desecrations  of  the  British  soldier}'.  The  latter,  as  already  related,  was 
used  as  a  prison  and  a  riding-school.  "With  the  exception  of  the  church  at 
Harlem,  which  was  founded  before  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
and  the  German  Reformed  Church,  which  had  maintained  a  connection 
with  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam,*  these  churches  formed  the  only  branch 
of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  in  New-York  until  the  present  century, 
during  which  many  others  have  been  added,  while  changes  have  occurred 
in  the  "  Collegiate  Church."  The  following  are  the  various  Reformed 
Dutch  Churches,  with  their  locations,  and  the  names  of  their  pastors  : 


NAME  OF  CHTBCH. 


LOCATION. 


DAT 

ORG 


pastor's  name. 


Collegiate  Ch.  North  Ch., 
Ch.  on  Laf.  Pla., 
Ninth-street  Ch. 
Harlem  Church, 
German  Reform.  Church, 
Greenwich  " 
Bloominzdale  " 
Northwest  " 
South  " 
Market-street  u 
Houston-street  u 
True  Ref.  Dutch  " 
Broome-street  u 
Church  of  Manhattan, 
Twenty-first-st.  Church, 
Ger.  Evang.  Mi*s.  M 
Ch.  on  Washington  Sq. 
Mount  Pleasant  M 
2d  Ger.  Evan.  Mis.  u 


■  William,  cor.  of  Fulton->treet. 
Lafayette  Place,  cor.  of4th-st.,  1626 
9th-st>  bet.  Broadway  8l  Bow*  v, 
Harlem,  "  1626 

23d-st.,  near  Lexington  Aven.. 
Bleecker,  cor.  of  Amos-street,  1803 
68th-st.  n.  Bloominsdale  Road,  1805] 
Franklin-st.  near  \V. Broad  w'y.  1*07 
5th  Avenue,  cor.  of'21st-st.,  1.513 
Market,  cor.  of  Henry-street,  1819 
Houston,  cor.  of  Greene-street,  1823 
King,  near  Macdougal-street.  ;1?23 
Broome,  cor.  of  Greene-street.  1823 
Avenue  B,  cor.  of  Fifth-street.  1833 
21st-st.  bet  5th  6c  6tli  Aven's,  1836 
Houston,  cor.  of  Forsyth-st.,  1836 
Wooster-st.,  cor.  of  Wash.  PI.,  1837 
Fiftieth-st.,  near  3d  Avenue,  1846 
Grand,  near  Pitt-street.  1 548 


J.Knox.  D.D..  T.De  Witt, 
I).  D.,   T.  E.  Vermilye 
D.D.  T.  W.  Chaml>ers. 
Jeremiah  Lord. 
John  S.  Ebaueh. 
Nicholas  L  Ma'rselus,  D.D. 
Enoch  Van  Aken. 
Jas.  B.  Hardenbergh,  D.D. 
John  M.  Macauley. 
Isaac  Ferris,  D.D. 
William  R.  Gordon, 
Samuel  D.  Westervelt. 
George  H.  Fisher,  D.D. 
Frederic  F.  Cornell. 
Abraham  R.  Van  Nest. 
John  C.  Guldin. 
Mancius  B.  Hutton,  D.D. 
Philip  M.Brett 
Frederic  Steins. 


THE  FRTEXDSf 

Commenced  their  meetings  before  the  overthrow  of  the  Dutch  power. 
In  1657,  several  of  this  persuasion  arrived  from  London,  two  of  whom, 
Mary  Witherhead  and  Dorothy  Waugh,  for  delivering  exhortations  to  the 
people,  were  confined  in  dungeons.  Another,  Robert  Hcdshone,  who  went 
to  Long  I?land  and  held  a  meeting,  suffered  corporal  punishment,  and 
was  sentenced  to  hard  labor  for  two  years.J    But  these  persecutions  were 

*  The  German  Reformed  Church  contained  a  Calvinistic  and  a  Lutheran  party,  the 
former  of  which,  having  the  ascendency,  had  united  themselves  with  the  Reformed 
Dutch  Churches  The  first  building  occupied  by  this  church,  situated  in  Nassau- 
street,  had  been  a  theater,  but  was  fitted  up  for  religious  worship  in  1758.  In  1822.  a 
new  church  was  erected  in  Forsyth-street.  which,  for  the  last  fifteen  years,  has 
•everal  times  passed,  by  legal  process,  from  the  possesion  of  the  one  party  to  that  of 
the  other  ;  but  the  question  has  been  placed  beyond  further  appeal,  by  the  decision 
of  the  Court  of  Errors,  in  1846,  in  favor  of  the  Lutherans.  The  old  building  in  Nas- 
sau-street, was.  for  many  years,  used  as  a  refectory,  well  known  as  i;  Gosling's 
Dining  Saloon."  but  during'  the  past  year  has  given"  place  to  two  large  and  well- 
built  stores. 

t  For  several  facts  relative  to  the  Friends,  we  are  indebted  to  William  Wood,  Esq.,  • 
leading  member  of  the  society. 
X  Besse's  Sufferings  of  the  Quakers.    Sewel's  History  of  the  Quakers. 


94 


MORALS  AND  RELIGION. 


The  Jews. 


not  greater  than  the  Quakers  generally  received  in  all  the  provinces,  and 
which  ceased  only  after  an  asylum  had  been  provided  for  them  by  the 
settlement  of  Pennsylvania.*  The  first  meeting  house,  in  Little  Green- 
street,  is  supposed  to  have  been  erected  at  about  the  close  of  the  seven- 
teenth century.  The  congregation  that  worshiped  here  was  the  only  so- 
ciety of  Friends  in  New- York  until  1S19,  when  another  house  of  worship 
was  erected  in  Hester-street.  Two  other  meetings  have  since  been 
opened. 


NAME  OF  CHURCH. 

LOCATION. 

DAT 

ORG 

pastor's  name. 

Rose-street  Meeting, 
Hester-street  " 
Orchard-street  M 
Downiug-street  " 

iRose,  near  Pearl-street, 
Hester,  cor.  of  Elizabeth-st., 
'2"i  Orchard,  uear  Hester-st., 
iDowning,  near  Bleecker-street 

1696 
1319 
1528 
1832 

The  Friends  have  no 
Ministers. 

THE  JEWS.f 

First  appeared  in  New- Amsterdam  about  the  year  1660.  After  the  sur- 
render of  the  city  to  the  English,  they  by  no  means  enjoyed  free  toleration. 
An  application  to  the  public  authorities,  in  1683,  for  permission  to  establish 
public  worship,  was  unsuccessful;  and,  even  as  late  as  1737,  the  rights 
of  citizenship  were  denied  them.J  About  the  commencement  of  the  last 
century,  however,  they  succeeded  in  organizing  a  congregation,  and  soon 
after  erected  a  small  synagogue  in  Mill- street,  now  South  William-street 
A  single  building  supplied  their  religious  wants  for  more  than  a  century, 
when,  about  the  year]  524,  a  second  congregation  was  formed.  From 
this  time  their  numbers  rapidly  increased.  There  are  now  ten  synagogues 
in  the  city,  as  given  below  :§ 


NAME  OF  CHURCH. 


Shearith  Israel,||  (Remnant  of  Israel.) 
Bene  Jeshurun,  ( Sons  of  Jeshurun,) 
Anshe  Hesed,  (Men  of  Piety,) 
Shaare  Shemayim,  (Gates  of  Heaven, 
Shaare  Zedek,  (Gates  of  Righteousnss 
Rodephe  Shalom,  (Followers aft. Peace 
Immanuel,  (  God  with  us,) 

Beth  Israel,  (The  House  of  Israel,) 
Shaare  Thephilla,  (Gates  of  Prayer,) 
Bene  Israel,  (The  Sons  of  Israel,) 


LOCATION. 


PASTOR'S  NAME. 


56  Crosby,  u.  Spring  St., 
119  Elm,  near  Canal-st. 
\orfolk,  near  Stanton. 
)122  Attorney,  n.  Riving., 
)  White,  cor.  Center-st , 
)  156  Attorney,  n.Stanton 

|56  Chrystie,  n.  Walker, 

46  Center,  n.  Pearl-st., 
112  Wooster,  n.  Prince, 
|454  Pearl,  n.  Chatham, 


1706  J.  J.  Lvons. 
1824  A.  Leo. 
1832  Jonas  Hecht. 
1839  M.  Danziger. 
1839  Sol.  Samelson. 
1842  L.  Heilner. 
i  a 4 1  f  L.  Mersbacher. 
184*|)  G.  M.Cohen. 
1844  J.  Salinger. 
1847  Samuel  M.Isaacs. 
1847|Simon  C  Noot. 


*  Gough's  History  of  the  Quakers. 

t  For  information  respecting  the  Jews  we  are  under  obligations  to  M.  M.  Noah,  Esq.; 
Rev.  S.  M.  Isaacs,  and  Rev.  J.  J.  Lyons.  The  records  of  the  Jews  are  scanty :  but 
those  gentlemen  have  aided  us  in  ascertaining  and  verifying  dates  not  easy  to  be 
obtained. 

t  Smith's  Hist,  of  N.  Y. 

§  Exclusive  of  the  synagoiucs,  the  Jews  support  various  benevolent  institutions 
and  scholastic  establishments  for  every  branch  of  Hebrew  learning. 

||  For  the  orthography  of  these  Hebrew  titles,  in  which  the  analogy  of  the  common 
English  version  of  the  Bible  has  been  followed,  as  well  as  for  their  significations,  we 
are  indebted  to  Prof.  J.  W.  Gibus,  of  Yale  College. 


MORALS  AND  RELIGION. 


95 


The  Lutheran  Church. — The  Episcopal  Church. 
THE  LUTHERAN  CHURCH 

Is  likewise  of  early  origin.  Some  of  the  first  inhabitants  were  doubtless 
Lutherans.  We  have  authentic  accounts  of  their  assembling  for  public 
worship  about  the  time  of  the  surrender  of  the  city  to  the  English,  but 
the  statements  as  to  the  existence  of  a  church  edifice  previous  to  the 
beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century,  are  contradictory.  The  public  senti- 
ment was  against  them.  One  of  the  early  ministers,  on  the  ground  of 
disturbing  the  peace  by  inculcating  his  peculiar  sentiments,  was  repri- 
manded, and  afterwards  forbidden  to  preach  in  the  province.  About 
the  same  time,  the  Dutch  sexton  at  Albany,  fearful  of  transgressing  the 
bounds  of  his  authority,  applied  to  the  governor  and  council  for  per- 
mission to  bury  "  Lutherans  and  all."  The  first  church  edifice  of  which 
we  have  certain  knowledge,  stood  on  the  corner  of  Rector-street  and 
Broadway.  It  was  destroyed  in  the  fire  of  1776,  and  afterwards  be- 
came the  site  of  "  Grace  Church."  Some  years  before  the  Revolution,  a 
second  Lutheran  Church  was  erected  in  ClifT-street,  but  the  congregation 
in  a  short  time  removed  to  a  new  building,  on  the  present  corner  of  Frank- 
fort and  William  streets,  which  afterwards  received  the  name  of  the 
S  wamp  Church."*  During  the  war,  the  Hessian  soldiers  used  this 
building  as  a  place  of  worship, -and  their  beautiful  singing,  in  their 
native  tongue,  often  drew  to  the  spot  crowds  of  spectators.  At  the  close 
of  the  war,  the  two  churches  were  united.  Three  other  churches  have 
since  arisen,  so  that,  with  the  German  Reformed  Church,  to  which  allu- 
sion has  been  previously  made,  there  are  now  six  Lutheran  Churches  in 
the  city,  as  seen  in  the  following  schedule : 


NAME  OF  CHURCH. 

LOCATION. 

DAT 
ORG 

pastor's  name. 

St.  Matthew's  Church, 
Indep.  German  Refoni.  ** 
St.  James's  Church, 
Evang.  Lutheran  ■ 
Old  L  utheran  i{ 
St.  Marcus's  " 

Walker-st.,  c.  Cortlandt  Alley 
21  Forsyth,  near  Walker-st., 
Mulberry,  near  Grand-street, 
Sixth  Avenue,  cor.  of  15th-st., 
127  Columbia,  near  Houston-st. 
Sixth-st..  bet.  1st  &  2d  Aven's, 

1751 
1758 
1821 
1842 
1842 
1847 

Charles  F.  E.  Stohlmann. 

F.  Busche. 

Charles  Martin. 

F.  W.  Geissenhainer. 

Theodore  Brohm. 

A.  H.  M.  Held. 

THE  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 

Received  its  existence  under  legislative  patronage.  After  the  surrender 
of  the  city  to  the  English  in  1664,  the  Dutch  Church  in  the  fort  was 
named  "  the  King's  Chapel."  In  1691,  it  gave  place  to  a  new  building, 
which  continued  to  bear  the  same  name,  until  it  was  destroyed  by  fire,  at 
the  time  of  "  the  negro  plot."  In  1696,  a  new  edifice,  afterwards  called 
"  Trinity  Church,"  giving  birth  to  the  celebrated  corporation  of  lhat  name, 


*  Now  used  as  "  Bell's  Auction  Room." 


96 


MORALS  AXD  RELIGION. 


The  Episcopal  Church. 


now  possessed  of  real  estate  of  immense  value  in  the  city,  was  erected  at 
the  head  of  Wall-street,  "upon  the  banks  of  Hudson's  river."*  St 
George's  Chapel,  erected  in  1752,  and  St.  Paul's  Chapel,  erected  in  1766, 
were  both  branches  of  Trinity  Church.  The  great  fire  of  1776  destroyed 
the  parent  church,  but  it  was  rebuilt  in  17S3,  again  to  give  place  to  a 
third  edifice,  the  present  magnificent  and  costly  structure,  completed  in 
1846.  The  society  of  St.  George's  Chapel  became  a  distinct  charge  in 
1811.  St.  John's  Chapel,  erected  in  1S07,  became  a  branch  of  die  col- 
legiate church. f 

Trinity  Church  remained  the  only  Episcopal  society  in  New- York  until 
nearly  the  close  of  the  last  century,  but  a  religious  congregation  had  arisen, 
under  peculiar  circumstances,  which  was  destined  to  become  afterwards 
a  branch  of  the  Episcopal  Church.  The  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes 
which  had  granted  toleration  to  the  Huguenots  in  France,  led  to  their  dis- 
persion. A  large  number  sought  an  asylum  in  the  new  world,  and  settled 
in  New- York  and  the  neighboring  villages.  A  church  was  erected  in 
Pine-street  in  1704  ;  and  many  of  the  poor  members,  who,  after  the  toil 
of  the  week,  were  obliged  to  walk  twenty  miles  to  attend  divine  worship, 
wrote  to  their  friends  in  France  of  the  "  great  privileges  they  enjoyed." 
In  1804,  the  pastor  and  people,  with  joint  consent,  became  connected 
with  the  Episcopal  Church,  and,  in  1834,  removed  to  a  new  marble 
edifice,  on  the  corner  of  Franklin  and  Church  streets. 

The  other  Episcopal  Churches  are  of  such  recent  origin,  that  we  shall 
merely  include  them  in  the  following  enumeration  : 


OF  CHURCH. 


DAT. 
ORG 


PASTOR'S  NAME. 


Trinity  Church, 
St.  Paul's  Chapel 
St  John's  Chapel 


>       J  CD 


L'Eglise  du  St.  Esprit, 
St.  George's  Church,  j 

Christ  Church, 
St.  Mark's  Church, 
St.  Stephen's  Church, 
St  Michael's  " 
Grace  " 
St.  Philip's  (coPd)" 
St.  James's  " 
Ziou  " 
St  Luke's  " 
St.  Mary's  •« 
St.  Thomas's  " 
All  Saints'  m 
Church  of  the  Ascension 


Broadway,  cor.  Rector-st., 
Broadway,  cor.  Fulton, 
Varick,  near  Beach-street, 


Franklin,  cor  Church-st., 
Beekman,  cor.  Cliff-street, 
Stuyvesant  Sq.,  E.  16th-st., 
Anthony-st.,  n.  Broadway, 
Stuyvesant-st.,  n.  2d  Avcn., 
Chrystie,  cor.  Broome-st., 
Bloomingdale, 
Broadway,  cor.  Tentli-st., 
85  Center,  n.  Leonard-st., 
Hamilton  Sq.,  b.  Av.  3  &  4 
Mott,  corner  Cross-street, 
Hudson,  n.  Christopher-st, 
Manhattanville, 
Broadway,  cor.  Houston-st. 
Henry,  cor.  Scammel-st., 
Fifth  Avenue,  c.  Tenth-st., 


1697 
1766| 
180" 


W.  Berriaii,  D.D., 
Wainwrigrht,  D.D., 


{  Higbee,  D.D.,  M.  P.  Parks, 
B.  L  Haight,  D.D.,  J.  H.  Ho- 
[  bart,  S.  H.  Weston. 
Antoine  Verren. 

\  Stephen  H.  Tyng,  D.D. 


1704 
1752 
1846 

1794;  Charles  H.  Halsey. 

1799  Henry  Anthon,  D.D. 

1805  Joseph  H.  Price,  D.D. 

1807  W.  Richmond,  T.  McC.  Peters. 

1809  Thomas  H.  Taylor,  D.D. 

1809  William  Morris. 

1810  Edwin  Harwood. 
1810  Richard  Cox. 
1820  I.  H.  Tuttle. 

1823}  VV.  Richmond,  T.  McC.  Peter* 

1823  Henry  J.  Whitehouse,  D.D. 

1824  William  E.  EigeubrodL 
|l827tGregory  T.  Bedell. 


'  Smith. 


t  Berrian's  Hist.  Sketch  of  Trinity  Church. 


MORALS  AND  RELIGION. 


91 


The  Presbyterian  Church, 


NAME  OF  CHTTBCH. 


St.  Andrew's  Church,       Harlem,  16-29  Richard  M.  Abercrombie. 

St.  Clement's        "  110  Amity,  near  Macdousral-st.,  1830  Caleb  S.  Henry,  D.D. 

St.  Peter's  "  20th-street,  near  9th  Avenue,    183ljE.  H.  Caufield. 

Ch.of  the  H.  Evangelists,  15  Vandev.  ater-street,  1 S31  Benjamin  Evans. 

*'       "    Epiphany,       j  130  Stanton,  near  Xorfolk-st.,  1S33  Lot  Jones. 

"       M    Nativity,  Avenue  C,  near  Sixth-street,    1S34  Caleb  Clapp. 

St.  Bartholomew's  Ch.,  Lafayette  P.,c.  Great  Jones-st,  1634  Lewis  P.  W.  Balcb,  D.D. 
Calvary  Church,  !4th  Avenue,  cor.  21st-street,    '1635; Vacant. 

Ch.  of  the  Annunciation,  14th-street,  bet.  6th  &  7th  Av.,  1S36  Samuel  Seabury,  D.D. 
St.  Matthew's  Church,     "Christopher,  near  Bleecker-sL.  1542  Jesse  Pound. 
Ch.  of  the  Redemption,   Eleventh-st.,  near  3d  Avenue,  1643  Isaac  Pardee. 
St.  Jude's  Church,  35  Sixth  Avenue,  op.  Amity-st.,  1643  Henry  Dana  Ward. 

Church  of  Our  Saviour,    Foot  of  Pike-street,  (floating,)  1644: Benjamin  C.  C.  Parker. 
St.  Simon's  (G.  Mis.)  Ch.  146  Houston,  near  Wiilett-st.,  1^45  Thomas  Cook. 
Emmanuel  Church,  Thompson,  cor.  Prince-street,  1645  Alexander  S.  Leonard. 

Ch.  of  St.  Geo.  the  Mart.,  410  Broadway,  near  Canal-st.,  1645  Moses  Marcus. 

•*    "  the  Holy  Apostles,  Ninth  Av.,  cor.  West  25th-sL,  1645  Robert  S.  Howland. 

"    **•  "  H.  Communion  Twentieth-st.,  cor.  6th  Aven.,   1645  Wm.  A.  Muhlenberg,  D.D. 

M    "    "  Jlessiah,  ('col.)  639  Broadway,  n.  Bleecker-st.,  1646  Alexander  CrummeL 

**    "    "G.  Shepherd,  .Market,  cor.  Monroe-street,     1646 -Ralph  Hoyt. 

u    m    u  Crucifixion,     (Eight h-st.,  near  4th  Avenue,     1646  John  F.  Schroeder,  D.D. 

u    "    *  Advent,  1 8th  Aven.,  bet.  41st  &  42d  st's..  1646  Abram  B.  Hart. 

Ch.  of  the  H.  Comforter,  FooW)f  Dey-st.,  (for  Seamen,)  1647  Daniel  V.  M.  Johnson. 

"    "    w  Holy  Martyrs,  Grand,  cor.  Ludlow-street,       1847  James  MilletL 
St.  Cornelius's  Church,   [Governor's  Island,  ;1848  John  McVickar,  D.D. 

St.  John  Baptist's  Ch.,     Lexington  Av.,  cor.  35th-st.,     1646  Cornelius  R.  Duffie. 
All  Angels'  Chapel,         85th-st.,  near  Rec.  Reservoir,   1649  Thomas  McC.  Peters. 
Ch.of  the  Transfiguration.!*29th-street,  cor.  Madison  Av.,  1349  G.  W.  Houghton. 

THE  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH 

Is  the  next  in  the  order  of  age.  As  early  as  1706,  a  few  Presbyteriaus 
w  re  in  the  practice  of  meeting  together  in  private  houses.  In  1707,  the 
Rev.  Francis  McKeinie  was  imprisoned  by  Lord  Cornbury,  the  governor, 
for  preaching  contrary  to  his  orders,  but  afterwards  released  on  bail.  At 
his  trial,  he  was  acquitted,  but  the  costs  of  prosecution,  amounting  to 
nearly  three  hundred  dollars,  were  most  unjustly  extorted  from  him.*  This 
opposition  did  not  arrest  the  progress  of  the  infant  church.  In  1716,  a 
regular  organization  was  effected,  and,  in  1719,  a  place  of  worship  was 
erected  in  Wall-street.  When  Whitefield  visited  New- York  in  1740,  the 
Presbyterians  were  the  only  denomination  that  received  him  into  their 
pulpit,  but  their  liberality  was  repaid  by  numerous  accessions  attendant 
upon  his  powerful  preaching.  A  difference  of  opinion  with  regard  to 
substituting  the  use  of  Watts's,  for  that  of  Rouse's  Psalms  and  Hymns,  led 
to  the  secession,  in  1756,  of  a  part  of  the  congregation,  afterwards  termed 
the  Scotch  Presbyterian  Church,  who  at  first  occupied  a  building  of  their 
own  erection  in  Cedar- street,  but,  in  1S36,  located  themselves  in  their 
present  splendid  marble  structure,  at  the  corner  of  Grand  and  Crosby 
streets.  The  increasing  numbers  of  the  Wall-street  congregation,  caused 
.the  organization  of  a  branch,  and  the  erection  of  a  second  church  edifice* 


'  OKG 


PASTOR  5  NAME. 


;  Makemie's  TryaL'  Force,  Vol.  4.    Miller's  Life  of  Rogors. 


98 


MORALS  AND  RELIGION. 


The  Presbyterian  Church. 


completed  in  176S.  This  was  situated  in  Beekman-street,  in  "  the  fields,'* 
and  was  familiarly  denominated  u  the  brick  meeting."  During  the  war, 
both  of  the  churches  were  entirely  despoiled  of  their  interior  work  and 
used  for  military  purposes.  In  179S,  the  society  erected  a  third  church  on 
a  piece  of  ground,  at  the  corner  of  Rutgers  and  Henry  streets,  presented 
by  Col.  Henry  Rutgers.  The  three  churches  continued  their  connectior 
until  1509,  when  each  became  a  distinct  charge. 

Our  purpose  being,  to  trace  briefly  the  rise  and  progress  of  each  deno- 
mination, and  not  to  detail  the  annals  of  its  churches,  we  shall  not  weary 
the  reader  by  entering  into  the  history  of  the  other  numerous  branches 
that  have  marked  the  successful  establishment  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
in  New- York,  but  shall  merely  include  them  in  the  following  list  : 


NA3IE  OF  CHURCH. 


First  Church, 
Scotch  " 
Brick  " 

First  Associate  Church, 
First  Reformed  " 
Rutgers-street 
Pearl-street  11 
Duane-street  11 
Caual-street  " 
Seventh  " 
Allen-street  " 
Ceutral  " 
Prince-sr.,  (Col'd)  " 
Bleecker-street  " 
Spring-street  " 
Carinine-street  " 
Second  Reformed  " 
Second  Associate  " 
Sixth-street  " 
Fourth  Asso.  Ref.  '; 
Houston-street  tt 
Sullivan-st.  Ref.  " 
Welsh 

Brainerd  " 
Twentieth-street  " 
Mercer-street  " 
Fifth  Assoc.  Ref.  " 
Tenth  " 
Third  Associate  M 
Eleventh  ' 
Chelsea  u 
Stanton-street  ' 
Harlem  U 
Fifteenth-street  M 
Bloomingdale  * 
Church  on  University  PI. 
Yorkville  Church. 
Forty-second-st.  u 
Thirteenth-street  11 
Emmanuel  (col'd)  M 
Fourth  Asociate  " 
North  " 
Madison  Avenue  " 
Waverley  PI.  Ref.  " 
Associate  Presbyterian 


DAT 

!  ORG 


PASTOR'S  NA3TE. 


5th  Avenue,cor.  of  12th-street.  17J6  William  W.  Phillips,  D.D 
Grand,  cor.  of  Crosby-street,  J 1756  Joseph  McElroy,  D.D. 
Beekman,  cor.  of  Nassau-st.,  '  ;1768iGardiner  Spring,  D.D. 
Grand,  cor.  of  Mercer-street,   ;  1765;  Vacant. 
Twelfth-street,  near  6th  A  v.,  !  1797  John  N.  McLeod,  D.D. 
Rutgers,  cor.  of  Henry-street,  ,1796  John  M.  Krebs,  D.D. 
540  Pearl,  near  Elm-street,      1 1804'Augustus  A.  WTood. 
Duane,  cor.  of  Church-street,  ilSOS Vacant. 
82  Canal,  near  Greene-street,  1809jHugh  S.  Carpenter. 
Broome,  corner  of  Ridge-st.,  * 
61  Allen,  near  Grand-street, 
408  Broome,  near  Elm-street, 
Marion,  corner  of  Priuce-st., 


l818[Edwin  F.  Hatfield. 
1819'Georsre  Thacher. 
1S21  jWilliam  Adams,  D.D. 
1822:  J.  W.  C.  Penninsrton,  D.D. 


3!eocker-st.,  near  Broadway,  |  l825jErskine  Mason,  D.D. 
220  Spring,  near  Macdougal-sL |l825jAlfred  E.  Campbell,  D.D. 
Carmine,  near  Hudson-street,  1829  Thomas  H.  Skinner,  Jr. 
Eleventh-street,  near  7th  Av.,  j  1830;Andrew  Stevenson. 
Houston,  comer  of  Forsyth-st. .1830  William  J.  Cleland. 
Sixth-street,  near  Second  A  v.,  \  18311  Vacant. 
Franklin-st..  n.  W.  Broadway,  1831jWillam  3IcLaren. 
Houston,  cor.  ofThompson-st.,'l832'R.  S.  Storrs  Dickinson. 
101  Sullivau,  near  Spring-st.,  '1833  James  Chrystie. 
359  Broome-street,  1833  Vacant. 

91  Rivington,  near  Ludlow-st., '  i  S34  Asa  D.  Smith,  D.D. 
T\ventieth-st.,  near  7th  Aven.,  1 1834  James  I.  Ostrom. 
Mercer-st.,  near  Waverley  PI.,j  1835|joseph  C.  Stiles,  D.D. 
Jane-street,  near  Abingdon  Sq.,  lS:j7  Alexander  H.  Wright. 
22d-street,  near  4th  Avenue.    ]  1837  James  Knox. 
41  Charles,  near  Fourth-street,  -183S 'Hugh  H.  Blair. 
Avenue  C,  cor.  of  Fourth-st.,  1839|Vacant. 
22d-street,  near  9th  Avenue,    |1842(Edward  D.  Smith,  D.D. 
Stanton,  cor.  of  Forsyth-street,!1843  John  Lillie. 
127th-street,  near  3d  Avenue,  [1844  Ezra  H.  Gillett. 
15th-street,  near  Irving  Place,  |1844'Jaines  McDonald. 
51st-street,  near  8th  Avenue,    1845  Vacant. 
Universitv  Place,  cor.  10th-sL,  1845  George  Potts,  D.D. 
87th-stree*t,  b.  3d  &  4th  Avcn,,;  1846  Joshua  Butts. 
42d-street,  cor.  of  8th  Avenue,  1846  John  C.  Lowrie. 
13th-street,  bet.  6th  &  7th  A  v.,  1846  Samuel  D.  Burchard. 
Cottage P.,Hancock,n.BleeckJ  1846  Henry  M.  Wilson. 
24th-street,  near  9th  Avenue,  |1846Andrew  Clements. 
32d-street,  near  8th  Avenue,  1 1847  Washington  Roosevelt 
Madison  Avenue,  cor.  29th-st ,  j  1846  William  Baunard, 
Waverley  Place,  n.  Grove-st.,  1848  John  Little. 
7th  Avenue,  cor.  22d-st.  |1849iJohn  T.  Brownlee. 


MORALS  AXD  RELIGION. 


99 


The  Moravian  Church. — TUe  Baptist  Church. 


THE  MORAVIAN  CHURCH,   OR  THE   SOCIETY   OF  FMTED  BRETHREN, 

Has  existed  in  New- York  since  the  year  1745.  Count  Zmzendorf,  the 
founder  of  the  society,  had  passed  a  few  days  in  the  city  in  1741,  but  the 
church  was  not  regularly  organized  until  the  visit  of  Bishop  Johannes  de 
Waterelle  in  174S.  Iti  1751,  the  society  erected  a  building  in  Fair,  now 
Fulton-street,  which  remained  until  1S29,  when  it  was  taken  down  and 
rebuilt.    In  1S43,  they  removed  to  their  present  location. 


NAME  OF  CHURCH. 


LOCATION. 


DAT  I 
ORG  ' 


PASTOR  S  NAME. 


United  Brethren, 


Houston,  corner  of  3Io:t-sireet}  . 1748  David  Bigler. 


THE  BAPTIST  CHURCH, 

As  at  present  known,  is  not  identical  with  the  society  first  distinguished 
by  that  title  in  this  city.  The  early  Baptists  resembled  the  present  only  in 
the  mode  of  baptism.  They  are  stated  to  have  been  professed  Arminians.* 
In  1724,  a  church  of  this  persuasion  was  established,  but  the  society  in 
eight  years  had  ceased  to  exist. 

The  first  church  of  the  present  Baptist  sentiments  was  organized  in 
1762,  a  house  of  worship  having  been  two  years  previously  erected  in 
Gold-street.  During  the  war,  the  Baptists  were  not  exempted  from  the 
privations  and  indignities  common  to  most  of  the  religious  communities. f 
The  members  were  scattered,  and  their  church  edifice  converted  into  a 
stable.  The  restoration  of  peace  revived  the  church.  Their  building  was 
repaired,  but,  in  1801,  it  was  found  necessary  to  rebuild.  The  second 
edifice,  on  the  same  site,  was  occupied  until  1841,  when  the  society 
erected  the  splendid  Gothic  structure,  ai  the  corner  of  Broome  and  Eliza- 
beth streets.  The  churches  that  have  arisen  since  the  Revolution,  will  be 
found  in  the  following  table  : 


NAME  OF  CHURCH. 

First  Church, 
Oliver-street  Church, 
Abyssinian  (col'd.)  Ch., 
North  Beriah  " 
South 

Stanton  street  " 
Ebenezer  " 
North  4< 
Laurens-street  tt 
Ziou  (colored)  u 
A  mi  tv  -street  " 
Walsh  ■ 
Sixteenth  *4 
Church  of  the  Disciple*. 
Berean  Church, 


LOCATION. 


j  ORG 

Broome,  cor.  Elizabeth-st.,  176*2 
Oliver,  cor.  Henry-street,  1791 
44  Anthony,  n.  W.  Broadway.  1609 
Macdougal,near  Spring-street,  1609 
450  Broadway,  near  Graud-st.,  1622 
Stanton,  near  Forsvth-street,  1623 
19  Avenue  A,  b.  1st  &  2d  sis..  1625 
Bedford,  cor.  Christopher  sL.  16*27 
No  location  at  present,  1626, 
468  Pearl,  (rear)  op.  C.  Hall  P.,  Ic32 
Amity,  cor.  Wooster-street,  1632; 
141  Chrystie,  near  Delancy-st,  1633; 
Sixteenth-st.,  near  6th  Avenue,  1633' 
Seventeenth-st.,  near  6th  A  v.,  1635j 
Downing,  cor.  Bed ford-st.,  il638j 


PASTOR  S  NAME. 

Speucer  H.  Cone,  D.D 
E.  L.  Magoon. 
Vacant, 
J.  S.  Backus. 
Charles  G.  Sommers. 
S.  Remington. 
Leonard  G.  Marsh. 
A.  C.  Wheat. 
Vacant. 

John  R.  Bisrelow. 

Wm.  R.  W  illiams,  D.D. 

J.  Davies. 

J.  W.  Taggart. 

S.  E.  Shepherd  and  others 

Vacant. 


*  Parkinson  Jubilee  Sermon. 


f  Benedict's  History  of  the  Baptists. 


100 


MORALS  AND  RELIGION. 


The  Methodist  Church. 


NAME  OF  CHURCH. 


Cannon-street  Church, 

Tabernacle  " 

Bethesda  * 

Norfolk-street  " 

Lahrht-street  " 

Bloominsrdale  " 

First  Mariners'  " 

Sixth-street  " 

Twelfth-street  ■ 

Blount  Zion  * 

Harlem  ■ 

Providence  " 

Seventh-day  u 

Broadway  * 

First  German  11 

Shiloh  « 

Union  " 

Olive  Branch  " 

Rose  Hill  ■ 


Cannon,  near  Broome-street, 
Mulberry,  near  Chatham-st., 
Chry>tie,  near  Delancey, 
Norfolk,  cor.  of  Broome-street, 
Lugfat,  cor.  of  Varick-street, 
43d-street,  cor.  of  Kisrhth  Av., 
Cherry,  near  Pike-street, 
Sixth-Weet,  near  Avenue  C, 
Twelfth-street,  near  Third  A  v., 
175  Wooster,  n.  Bleecker-st., 
Harlem, 
650  Broadway, 

llth-street,  bet.  3d  Sc  4th  Avs., 
718  &  7-20  Broadway,  n.  4th-st., 
Stanton,  cor.  of  Essex-street, 
2(Jth-street,  b.  9th  &  10th  Avs., 
•2*2.l-st..b.  Lexington  &  3d  Avs., 
Montuomerv,  cor.  Madison-st.. 
130  East-Thirtieth-street. 


ORG 


pastor's  name. 


1638  H.  J.  Eddy. 
1839  Edward  Lathrop 
1841  Norman  B.  Baldwin. 
1841 !  Thomas  Armitage. 
l542l  W.  W.  Everts/ 
]843f  Stephen  Wilkin?. 
1843|  Ira  R.  Steward. 
1843!  John  T.  Seelev. 
1843  Sidnev  A.  Corey. 
1843  James"  C.  Goble. 
1644  S.  S.  Relyea. 
1845!  Samuel  Wills. 
18451  Thomas  B.  Brown. 

1846  John  Dowling,  D.D. 
1846j  John  Eschmaa. 
1847!  Levi  Parmly. 

1847  Orrin  B.  Ju'dd. 
1849  William  S.  Clapp. 
1849'  Smith  S.  Wheeler. 


THE  METHODIST  CHURCH 

In  New-York,  is  the  parent  of  all  the  other  branches  of  the  denomina- 
tion in  the  country.  In  1766,  Mr.  Philip  Embury,  a  zealous  preacher, 
with  a  few  Irish  Methodists,  arrived  in  the  city,  and  commenced  preach- 
ing in  a  private  house.  The  number  of  his  auditors  increased.  On  one 
occasion,  when  the  congregation  was  assembled  for  public  worship,  the 
door  suddenly  opened,  and  a  British  officer,  dressed  in  uniform,  appeared. 
The  members  were  astonished  and  alarmed  at  his  presence,  but  their  sur- 
prise was  greatly  increased,  when,  instead  of  interrupting  the  exercises,  he 
Jell  upon  his  knees,  and  united  in  their  devotions.  This  was  Captain 
Web!),  the  barrack-master  of  the  royal  troops  stationed  at  Albany,  who, 
hearing  of  this  feeble  church,  had  visited  New- York  to  aid  them,  and  who 
henceforth  became  one  of  their  preachers.  Their  place  of  worship  soon 
proved  too  contracted  for  the  audience,  and  a  rigging  loft*  in  Horse-and- 
cart-streetf  was  procured  and  fitted  up  for  religious  exercises,  where  Mr. 
Embury  officiated  from  a  pulpit  made  with  his  own  hands.  He  was  aided 
by  Captain  Webb,  who  was  accustomed  to  ascend  the  pulpit  and  preach 
in  full  regimentals.  The  novelty  of  the  circumstances,  and  of  Captain 
Webb's  appearance,  could  not  fail  to  draw  crowded  auditories,  and  it  soon 
became  necessary  to  provide  a  church  edifice.  The  ground  on  Golden-hill, 
now  John-street,  where  this  building  was  erected  in  1768,  is  now  the  loca- 
tion of  the  third  house  of  worship  erected  on  the  same  site,  and  by  the 
same  society.  The  known  loyalty  of  Mr.  Wesley  saved  the  Methodists, 
in  a  great  measure,  from  those  annoyances  to  which  the  other  religious 


*  This  buildimr.  is  still  stan'linjr  on  William  street.  (No.  120.)  between  Fulton  and 
John  streets,  and  is.  with  perhaps  one  exception,  the  only  relic  of  the  old  Dutch 
architecture  of  New-York.  It  is  occupied  by  Doty  &  Bergen,  copper-plate  printers.  &c. 

f  The  upper  part  of  Willinm.  above  John-street,  received  this  name  from  the  sign 
ot  a  hotel  representing  a  horse  and  cart. 


MORALS  AND  RELIGION. 


101 


The  Roman  Catholic  Church. 


societies  were  subjected  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  A  new  con- 
gregation appeared  in  1790,  and  another  in  1797.  The  Methodist  church 
being  now  firmly  established,  its  branches  rapidly  increased  in  number. 
Below  is  appended  a  list  of  the  various  churches  of  this  denomination  in 
the  city  : 


NAME  OF  CHURCH. 


LOCATION. 


pastor's  NAME. 


John-street  Church 
Forsyth-street  '; 
Duane-street  " 
Seventh-street  " 
*Zion  (colored)  " 
Allen-street  " 
Bedford-street  " 
♦Asbury  (col'd)  ** 
Willett-street  « 
*Methodist  Society, 
*Bethel  (colored)  Church, 
♦First  Meth.  Prot.  " 
♦Second  Meth.  Prot.  " 
♦African  Union  (col'd) 
♦Welsh  Methodist  Church. 
Eighteenth  street  " 
♦B"ch  African  Union(col'd) 
Greene-street  Church, 
Second-street 
Yorkville 
Vestry-street 
Mulberry-street 
Twenty-seventh-st. 
Harlem 

Forty-first-street 
H  German  Evangelical 
♦First  Wesley  an 
Thirtieth-street 
German  Mission 
Asbury 
Sullivan-street 
Madison- street 
♦Little  Zion  (colored) 
♦Br'ch  of  Bethel  (col'd) 
Mariners' 
Floating  Bethel 
Jane-street 
Ninth -street 
Fiftieth-street 
German  Home  Mission 
it  u  a 

Center  Mission 


John,  near  Nassau-street, 
12  Forsyth,  near  Division -si. 
180  Duane,  n'r  Gr;envvich-st., 
Seventh-st.,  near  2d  Avenue, 
Church,  cor.  Leonard-street, 

128  Allen,  n'r  Rivingston-st., 
Bedford,  cor.  of  Morton-fit., 
118  Ridge,  (rear)  n.  Houston. 
Willett.  near  Grand-street, 
42  First-st.,  near  2d  Avenue, 
227  Second-st,.  n"r  Avenue  B. 
61  Attorney,  n'r  Delancy-st.. 
175  Wooster.  n'r  Bleecker-st.. 
15th-st,  bet.  6th  &  7th  Av's., 
78  Allen,  near  Grand-street, 
18th-street.  n'r  8th  Avenue. 
Yorkville, bet.  6th  &7th  Av's. 
61  Greene,  near  Broome-st., 
276  Second-st.  n'r  Avenue  C, 
86th-st.,  bet.  3d  &  4th  Av's, 
Vestry,  n'r  Greenwich -street. 
Mulberry,  near  Bleecker-st.. 
27th-street.  near  2d  Avenue, 
125th-st.,near  4th  Avenue, 
41st-street.  near  8th  Avenue. 
104  W.  16th-st.,  n'r  6th  A  v., 
103  King,  near  Hudson-street. 
30th-st..  bet.  8th  &  9th  Av's. 
Second-st..  bet.  Av's  B  &  C, 

129  Norfolk,  n'r  Stanton  st.. 
214  Sullivan,  n'r  Bleecker-st., 
Madison,  cor.  of  Catharine-si! 
Harlem, 

Harlem, 

Cherry,  near  Clinton-street, 
Foot  of  Rector-street, 
Jane-strect,  near  8th  Avenue. 
Avenue  B.  cor.  of  Ninth-si, 
Fiftieth-si,  near  3d  Avenue, 
Bloomingdale, 

Wash'ton-si.No.  not  decided, 
Near  cor.  of  Cross  &  Orange, 


1766 

1790 

179 

1800 

1801 

1810 

1810 

1813 

1819 

1820 

1820 

1826 

L826 

1826 

1S28 

1829 

1830 

1831 

1S32 

1832 

1833 

1S34 

1834 

1836 

1840 

1841 

1811 

1842 

1842 

1842 

1843 

1843 

1843 

1843 

1844 

1845 

1S45 

1845 

1845 

1846 

1850 

1850 


G.  Brown. 
R.  Jessop. 

C.  V.  Am  merman. 
B.  Creah. 

Peter  Ross. 

S.  S.  Strong. 

S.  Van  Deusen. 

Benjamin  Myers 

W  H.  Stopford. 

Vacant. 

R.  Robertson. 

W.  H.  Johnson. 

W.  Strickland 

Isaac  Barney. 

W.  Rowlands. 

M.  D.  C.  Crawford. 

W.  Matthews. 

D.  Stocking. 

H.  F.  Pease. 

B.  Sillick. 

D  ivis  W.  Clark 
R.  S.  Foster. 
J.J.  Matthias. 
Thomas  Bainbridge. 
J.  W.  Macomber. 
D.  Berjear. 
Dennis  Harris, 
J.  B.  Beach. 
Vacant. 
J.  S.  Mitchell. 
W.  H.  Ferris. 
J.  Floy. 

Supplied  by  Zion. 
Supplied  by  Bethel. 
James  H.  Perry. 
Olirf  G.  Hedstrom. 
Pv.  C.  Putney. 
Edwin  E.  Griswold. 
S.  C.  Perry. 

C.  F.  Grimm. 
J.  Swahlen. 

L.  McK.  Pease. 


THE  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCHf 

Was  not  tolerated  in  New- York  until  after  the  overthrow  of  the  British 
power  by  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  For  many  years  during  the  colonial 
government,  a  law  existed  that  every  Catholic  priest  that  came  voluntarily 


*  Not  Methodist  Episcopal. 

f  For  several  facts  connected  with  the  rise  and  progress  of  the  Roman  Catholio 
Church,  the  author  is  indebted  to  Rev.  J.  R.  Bayley,  of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  secro 
tary  to  Bishop  Hughes. 


MORALS  AND  RELIGION. 


The  Catholic  Church. 


into  the  province,  should  be  hanged.*  The  prejudice  of  the  people  had 
been  excited  against  them  by  the  efforts  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries  to 
subject  the  Indians  to  French  influence. f  The  histories  of  the  times,  how- 
ever, record  the  execution  of  but  one  Catholic  priest,  and  the  charges  which 
led  to  his  conviction  were  not  made  under  this  law.f  The  prevalence 
of  liberal  principles,  and  the  consequent  spirit  &  universal  toleration, 
that  succeeded  the  Revolution,  did  not  escape  the  notice  of  the  Roman 
Catholics,  in  its  favorable  influence  upon  the  establishment  and  pro- 
pagation of  their  religious  tenets  in  the  city  of  New-York.  In  17S3,  a 
congregation  was  formed,  which,  after  occupying  a  temporary  place  ot 
worship,  erected,  in  1786,  the  edifice  known  as  St.  Peter's  Church,  on 
the  corner  of  Barclay  and  Church  streets  §  The  Roman  Catholics  then 
numbered  about  300. j|  In  1S0S,  New-York  was  erected  into  an  episcopal 
see  by  Pope  Pius  VII.  The  number  of  worshipers  increased.  1f  A  second 
church  became  necessary;  and,  in  1S15,  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  the 
present  seat  of  the  episcopate  of  the  diocese,  was  erected.  The  churches 
that  have  followed,  will  be  found  in  the  subjoined  table  :** 


NAME  OF  CKUP.CH. 


St.  Peter's  Church, 

St.  Patrick's  Cathedral, 

Si.  Mary's  Church, 

St.  Joseph's  " 

St.  James's  " 
St.  Paul's  " 
St.  Nicholas's  CGer.)  Ch., 

Ch.of  the  Transfiguration, 

St.  Andrew's  Church, 

S.  John  Baptist's  (Ger.)C, 
Church  of  ; he.  Nativity, 
St.  Jo!: n  evangelist's  Ch., 
St.  Vine c ui  de  Paul's  " 


LOCATION. 

Barclay,  corner  of 
Church-street, 

Mott,  cor.  of  Prince- 
street, 


Grand,  cor.  of  Ridge- 
street. 
Sixth  Avenue,  corner 

of  Barrow-street, 
32  James-street, 
119-st.,  near  4th  Av., 
2d-st.,  a,  Avenue  A, 

45  Chambers-.^.,  near 

Broadway. 
Duane-st.,c.C'y  H.P.. 

30th~st.,  n.  8th  Aven.. 
2d  Av.,  b.  2d  &  3d  >ts., 
Aven.  c.  50th-st. 
2G  Canal,  n.  Ehn-st., 


I  DAT 
ORG 


PASTOR  S  NAME 


1783  Win.  Quinn,  Edward  Murphy, 

I    and  Thomas  Scollon. 
1815|Ttt.   Rev.    John    Hughes,  D.D., 

John  Lough  tin,  D.D.,  John  Con- 

roy,  John  McMahon,  and  J.  R. 

Baylr  y.  Sec.  to  Bishop. 
1826  William  Starr.  John  Scollard, and 

Dom'mick  J.  TVixcheira. 
1833  Michael  MeCarron,  and  Jerome 

Nobrisra. 

1835  Pat'k  McKenna  and  John  Curoe. 
1835  John  Walsh. 

1835  Ambrose  Buckmeyer  and  Felicien 

Krebers. 

1830  V.  Rev.  Felix  Varella,  P.D.,  Wm. 

McCMIan  and  John  Carrol. 
1840  Michael  Currau,and  Louis  Jerzy- 

korich. 
18.40  Joseph  A.  Lutz. 
1 841, Geo.  MrC'oskey  &  J.  Shanahan. 
lb42.James  McMahon. 
1843  A.Lafbnt,  A.Cauvin  &  N.Madeoro. 


*  Smith's  Hist,  of  New-York.  t  Ibid    Burke's  European  Settlements. 

t  John  Try.  who  was  accused,  in  1741.  of  being  concerned  in  '*  the  negro  plot." 
—Hor*ma*den.  \  Rebuilt  in  1836-8.  II  Laity's  Directory. 

f  In  1810,  the  number  of  Roman  Catholics  in  the  diocese,  which,  at  that  time,  in- 
cluded th<-  whole  State  of  New-York  and  part  of  New  Jersey,  was  computed  at  17.000. 
Bishop  Dubois,  in  a  letter  written  to  k- the  Society  for  the  "Propagation  of  the  Faith, 
at  Lj  out,  in  1880,  estimates  the  number  at  33.000. '  The  present  number  in  the  city  is 
from  7fi  '  80  to  100,000. 

!n  addition  to  the  public  places  of  worship,  there  are  schools,  convents,  a  monas- 
t(  y.  and  several benerplenl  institutions  connected  with  the  Roman  Catholic  (  hurch. 
The  orphan  asylum  in  Prince-street,  contains  about  300  children,  and  the  half  orphan 
■avium,  corner  of  Eleventh-street  and  the  Seventh  Avenue.  120  female  children. 
A  luigc  us)  lum  has  likewise  been  commenced  in  Fiftieih-stieet. 


MORALS  AND  RELIGION. 


103 


The  Universalist  Church. — The  Congregational  Church. 


NAME  OF  CHURCH. 


St.  Francis's  (Germ.)  Ch., 
Church  of  the  Most  Holy 
Redeemer,  (German,) 

St.  Columba's  Church, 
Chapel  of  the  Holy  Name 

of  Jesus, 
Chap.of  the  Sacred  Heart, 
St.  Alphonsus's  (Ger.)  Ch., 
Chapel  of  Mt.  St.  Vincent, 
St.  Bridget  Virgin's  Ch., 
St.  Stephen's  Church, 


31st-st.,  n.  7th  Aveu. 
153  Third-street, 


25th-st.,  n.  8th  Aveu., 
Elizabeth,  n.  Walker. 

Manhattanville, 
10  Thompson-street, 
Bloomingdale. 
8th-st.,  cor.  A ven.  B., 
27th-st.,  c.  Mad'n  A  v., 


DAT 

ORG 


1844 
1844 


1845 
1846 


pastor's  name. 


Alexander  Martin. 

Joseph  Muller,  F.  Letty,  M. 
Baunach,  WjgCubin,  Jac.  Nagel 
and  Robert  Kleincidam. 

M.  McAleer  and  J.  Cumnisky. 

John  Ryan,  and  H.  Bienvenu. 


1846  Anthony  Galdacano. 

1847  Served  "by  Ch.  M.  H.  Redeemer. 
1847  P.  McCarthy. 

1848i  Richard  Kein,  Thomas  Furrell. 
1849i  J.  W.  Cummings,  D.D. 


THB  UNIVERSALIST  CHURCH 

First  made  its  appearance  in  New- York  in  1796  ;  but  the  oldest  church 
of  this  persuasion  now  existing,  was  formed  in  1S30,  since  which  time 
three  others  have  been  added,  as  will  appear  from  the  following  enumera- 
tion : 


NAME  OF  CHURCH. 

LOCATION. 

o^q!      pastor's  name. 

Second  Church, 
Third  " 
Fourth  " 
Fifth  " 

85  Orchard,  near  Broome  St., 
208  Bleecker,  cor.  Downinsr-st., 
Murray,  cor.  of  Church-street, 
Fourth-street,  bet.  Avs  B  &  C, 

—  .  

1830  Cvrus  H.  Fay. 
1832iVVillim  S.  Balch. 
1837  Edwin  H.Chapin. 
1840.  Isaac  D.  Williamson. 

THE  CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCH 

Next  claims  our  attention.  From  1S04  to  1817,  three  Congregational 
societies  were  established,  but  they  have  all  either  ceased  to  exist,  or 
adopted  the  Presbyterian  form  of  government.  In  1819,  the  Providence 
Chapel,  the  oldest  of  the  present  churches,  commenced  its  existence.  With 
the  exception  of  the  "  First  free  Congregational  church,"  formed  in  1836, 
no  other  permanent  branch  of  this  denomination  appeared  before  1840. 
At  the  latter  date,  the  Presbyterian  church  that  had  occupied  the  building 
known  as  the"  Broadway  Tabernacle,"  was  dissolved,  and  a  portion  of  the 
members  formed  a  church  after  the  Congregational  form.  The  house  of 
worship  was  purchased  by  David  Hale,  Esq.,  for  $34,250,  who,  with 
remarkable  liberality,  made  an  arrangement  with  the  new  society,  by 
which  he  secured  to  them  the  present  possession  and  the  ultimate  owner- 
ship of  the  building.  The  Congregational  churches  of  more  recent  origin, 
are  given  below : 


name  of  church. 


Providence  Chapel, 
Tabernacle  Church, 
Free 

Fourth  " 
JMist>ion(colored)Church, 
Church  of  the  Puritans, 
Eastern  Church, 


LOCATION. 


44  Thompson,  n.  Broome-st., 
340  Broadway,  n.  Anthony-sf., 
151  Sullivan,  near  Houston-st., 
W.  16th-st.,  b.  6th  &  7th  Avs.. 
160  Grand,  c.  Cent.  Mark.  PI., 
Broadway,  cor.  15th-streeU 
Madison,  cor.  Gouverneur-st., 


DAT 

ORG 


Pastor's  name. 


Hammond-street  Church  Hammond,  cor.  Factory-st., 


1819  Joseph  Harrison. 
1840j  Joseph  P.  Thompson. 

1842  Samuel  D.  Cockran. 

1843  H.  O.  Schermerhorn. 

1845  Charles  B.  Ray. 

1846  George  B.  Cheever,  D.D 
1848!  A.  B.  Crocker. 

1848!  William  Patton,  D.D. 


104 


MORALS  AND  RELIGION. 


New  Jer.  Ch'h— Unitarian  Ch'h.— Port  Soc— Christian  Ch'h.— Second  Adv.  Ch'h. 


THE  NEW  JERUSALEM  CHURCH, 

As  those  who  embrace  the  doctrines  of  Swedenborg  are  termed,  has  two 
branches  in  New- York.  The  first  was  established  in  1803,  and  the  second 
in  1841.  • 


DAT 

PASTOR'S  NAME. 

NAME  OF  CHURCH. 

LOCATION. 

ORG 

Fir«t  New  Jer.  Church,    Boadway,  cor.  of  Leonarri-st.,1808  George  Bush. 
Second  "    "        "         33  West  Washington  Place.    [1841  Thomas  Wilks. 

THE  UNITARIAN  CHURCH 

Has  existed  in  New-York  for  about  thirty  years.  In  1819,  a  society  was 
formed  which  erected  a  church  in  Chambers-street,  and  which  became  so 
flourishing  as  to  admit  of  dismissing  a  colony  in  1S26.  Both  congregations 
now  occupy  commodious  houses  of  worship  on  Broadway. 


NAME  OF  CHURCH. 


Ch.  of  the  Divine  Unity, 
h    u    u  Messiah, 


548  Broadway,  near  Sprinir-sf., 


PASTOR'S  NAME. 


DAT 

ORG 

1819  Henry  W.  Bellows. 


7'23Broadway,op.Waverley  P.  1826  Samuel  Osgood. 
THE  SOCIETY  FOR  THE  PROMOTION  OF  THE  GOSPEL  AMONG  SEAMEN   IN  THE 
PORT  OF  NEW- YORK 

Have  under  their  superintendence  a  church,  conducted  on  evangelical 
principles,  but  divested  of  a  denominational  character.  This  association 
was  formed  June  5th,  1818,  and,  in  the  succeeding  year,  an  edifice  was 
commenced  in  Roosevelt-street,  which  was  opened,  under  the  name  of  the 
"Mariner's  Church,"  on  the  4th  of  June,  1820.*  A  large  and  increasing 
congregation  of  seamen  and  others,  assembles  here  each  sabbath. 


NAME  OF  CHURCH. 


The  Mariner's  Church, 


LOCATION-. 


DAT| 
ORG  I 


PASTOR'S  NAME. 


73  Roosevelt,  near  Oak-street,  182G\  Henry  Chase. 
THE  CHRISTIAN  CHURCH,  , 

A  name  adopted  by  a  society  who  hold  to  peculiar  doctrines,  was  estab- 
lished in  New- York  in  1829.  The  first  church  became  extinct  in  1841, 
but  a  new  society  was  immediately  formed  by  a  portion  of  its  members, 
which,  in  1S44,  erected  a  house  of  worship  in  Suffolk-street.  Another 
society  has  since  arisen. 


NAME  OF  CHL  RCH. 


LOCATION. 


DAT 

ORG 


PASTOR'S  NAME. 


First  Christian  Church. 
Second   4-  *• 


Suffolk,  near  Delanc  ,• -street. 
23d-st.,  cor.  Eighth  Avenue, 


IS  H 
1S46 


I  Oliver  Barr. 
William  Lane. 


THE  SECOND  ADVENT  CHURCH 

Hasbeen  represented  in  New-York  at  different  times  by  various  branches 
The  earliest  society  of  this  description  now  in  the  city,  was  formed  ia 
1842. 


*  Rep.  cf  Corn,  of  Soc.  for  the  Promotion  of  the  Gospel,  &c. 


M0RAL3  AND  RELIGION. 


105 


German  Catholic  Church. — French  Reformed  Church.— Greenwood  Cemetery. 


NAME  OF  CHURCH. 

LOCATION. 

DAT 
OKG 

PASTOR!5  IT  AMR 

Hester-street  Church, 
Grove     "  " 
Crosby    "         "  • 

Hester-st.,  near  Bowery, 
Grove-st..  cor.  Hudson-st., 
67  Crosby-st.,  near  Spring-st. 

i<m 

1343 
lbdO 

C.  B.  Turner. 
N.  N.  Whiting. 
Various. 

THE  MOUNT  ZION  CHURCH 

Is  the  name  of  a  society  adhering  to  the  views  of  the  renowned  S.  S.  Snow. 
It  received  its  existence  in  1845. 


NAME  OK  CHURCH. 


LOCATION. 


pastor's  NAME. 


Mount  Zion  Church,        |  B'dway.,b.  Walker ScCaual-st.  |  l$io  j  S.  S.  Snow. 

THE  FREE  GERMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH 

Is  the  name  of  a  church,  under  the  care  of  the  "  American  and  Foreign 
Christian  Union,"  formed  in  1846  of  members  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  who  had  been  converted  to  Protestantism.  It  is  not  denomi- 
national in  character. 


NAME  OF  CHURCH. 

LOCATION. 

DAT 
ORG 

FASTOll's  NAME. 

Free  Ger.  Catholic  Ch., 

Alien,  ntar  Houslon-^treet,     |  1S46'  1  J.  E.  Freygang,  D.D. 

THE  FRENCH  REFORMED  CHURCH 

Is  likewise  free  from  sectarianism.  It  was  organized  in  1S4S,  through 
the  exertions  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Baird,  and  is  also  under  the  care  of  the 


"  American  and  Foreign  Christian  Union." 

NAME  OF  CHURCH. 

LOCATION. 

DVT 

ORG 

pastor's  name. 

French  Reformed  Ch., 

Spruce,  corner  of  Nas^au-st. 

184S 

J.  F.  As  tie. 

fifty-six. 


The  grounds  attached  to  many  of  the  principal  church,  edifices  were 
formerly  used  as  burial-places,  but  the  prohibition  of  interments  in  the 
thickly  settled  portions  of  the  city,  has  led  to  the  establishment  of  large 
and  highly  embellished' rural  cemeteries  in  the  vicinity.  Of  these,  we 
shall  notice  the  principal. 

The  Greenwood  Cemetery  was  incorporated  April  18,  1333.*  The 
grounds  of  the  cemetery,  two  hundred  and  forty-two  acres,  are  situated 
on  the  hights  of  Gowanus,  in  Brooklyn,  about  three  and  one-fourth  miles 
from  New- York.  A  place  better  adapted  by  nature  for  the  purposes  of 
sepulture,  could  not  have  been  found.  Within  sight  of  the  marts  of  com- 
merce, it  is  perfectly  secluded  from  the  noisy  world.    From  cT'fFereiit 


*  Charter  of  Greenwood  Cemetery. 


106 


MORALS  AND  RELIGION. 


Trinity  Church,  Rockland.  Cypress-Hills,  and  Oak-Hill  Cemeteries. 

points,  fine  views  of  the  bay  and  harbor,  with  the  ocean  in  the  distance, 
are  brought  before  the  eye  of  the  visitor.  Over  four  thousand  lots  have 
been  already  sold,  and  more  than  ten  thousand  interments  have  taken 
place.  The  price  of  lots,  including  the  expense  of  grading,  is  $110  each, 
or,  where  more  than  three,  located  together,  are  purchased  at  the  same 
time,  $90  each.*  Those  who  desire  to  visit  the  cemetery,  are  required 
to  present  tickets,  which  can  be  procured  by  all  proper  persons,  without 
charge,  at  the  office,  No.  62  Broadway. 

Trinity  Church  Cemetery  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  Hudson 
River.  It  occupies  the  entire  area  between  153d  and  155th  streets,  ex- 
tending from  the  Tenth  Avenue  to  the  river.  The  grounds  are  high,and- 
laid  out  with  much  beauty  and  taste.  The  prices  of  lots,  fifteen  feet 
square,  vary  from  $60  to  $65  each.  The  office  is  at  the  vestry-building 
of  Trinity  Church,  corner  of  Church  and  Fulton  streets. 

The  Rockland  Cemetery  was  commenced  in  1S47.  The  grounds, 
consisting  of  one  hundred  and  eighty  acres,  lie  upon  the  Klaasland  Hills 
at  Piermont,  near  the  Erie  Railroad,  about  twenty-four  miles  from  New- 
York.  The  varied  scenery  of  the  Hudson  combines  with  the  adapation 
of  the  grounds  to  the  purposes  for  which  they  have  been  selected,  to 
render  them  a  desirable  burial-place.  The  price  of  lots,  16  by  25  feet,  is 
$25  each.    The  office  is  at  No.  252  Broadway. 

The  Cemetery  of  the  Cypress  Hills  was  laid  out  and  regulated  in 
the  year  1S4S.  It  is  located  near  the  Long  Island  Railroad,  beyond 
Brooklyn,  about  six  miles  from  New- York.  As  the  name  indicates,  the 
grounds,  embracing  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  acres,  are  undulat- 
ing, presenting,  from  many  points,  extensive  and  magnificent  views.  The 
prices  of  lots,  generally  16  feet  by  25,  vary  from  $'40  to  $50  each,  accord- 
ing to  position;  but  to  religious,  charitable,  and  other  associations,  who 
purchase  not  less  than  ten  lots  together,  of  a  medium  value,  the  price  is 
put  at  30  dollars  each.  The  rooms  of  this  cemetery  are  at  No.  262 
Broadway. 

The  Oak-Hill  Cemetery,  containing  twenty-five  acres  of  elevated 
ground  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  River,  at  the  distance  of  half  a  mile 
from  the  village  of  Nyack,  in  Rockland  County,  and  twenty-eight  miles 
from  the  City  of  New-York,  was  dedicated  on  the  27th  of  June,  1S4S. 
The  view  embracing  all  the  villages  bordering  upon  the  Tappaan  Zee,  the 
widest  portion  of  the  Hudson,  is  extended  and  interesting.  The  price 
of  an  ordinary  burial-lot,  including  cost  ol"  grading,  is  $25  ;  or,  where  four 
lots  are  taken  at  one  time,  by  one  or  more  persons,  the  price  is  $23  each 
A  still  further  reduction  is  rnnde  to  those  who  purchase  six  or  more  lot* 
in  the  same  place.    The  office  is  at  75  Carmine-street. 


*  Rules  and  Regulations  of  Greenwood  Cemetery. 


MORALS  AND  RELIGION. 


New-York  Bay  Cemetery. — Calvary  Cemetery. 

The  New- York  Bay  Cemetery  has  been  recently  chartered  by  the 
Legislature.  It  comprises  about  one  hundred  and  seventy  acres  of  rich 
and  beautiful  ground,  located  two  and  a  half  miles  from  Jersey  City  and 
three  and  a  half  miles  from  New-York.  The  plank-road  passes  imme- 
diately in  front  of  the  main  entrance  to  the  cemetery.  The  name  alone 
is  sufficient  to  guarantee  to  the  visitor  the  most  magnificent  views.  More 
than  two  hundred  churches  and  societies  have  already  selected  their 
burial  places  in  these  grounds.  The  prices  of  lots  are  from  $15  to  $25, 
payable  monthly.    The  office  is  at  No.  2S9  Broadway. 

Calvary  Cemetery  is  the  name  of  a  burial-place  recently  prepared 
for  the  use  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  It  embraces  one  hundred 
and  fifteen  acres  of  land,  (only  thirty  of  which  are  at  present  enclosed,) 
situated  between  "Williamsburgh  and  Newtown,  on  Long  Island,  about 
two  and  a  half  miles  from  New- York.  The  price  of  a  grave  is  $7  for  an 
adult,  or  $3  for  a  child.  Nearly  one  half  the  interments,  however,  are 
free.  Visitors  are  allowed  access  to  the  grounds,  without  tickets,  at  aU 
hours  of  the  day.  Mr.  James  Hart,  the  sexton  of  St  Patrick's  Cathedral, 
is  the  person  to  whom  applications  in  relation  to  the  cemetery,  are  made. 

We  have  endeavored  to  sketch  the  state  of  morality  in  New-York,  and 
to  trace  the  development  and  progress  of  its  religious  character.  The 
more  controlling  becomes  the  power  of  conscience  as  an  incentive  to  hu- 
man action,  the  more  ready  are  mankind  to  respond  to  the  cry  of  distress. 
How  far  is  this  principle  exemplified  in  the  practice  of  our  citizens? 
Their  actions  wili  return  the  answer 


CHAPTER  VI. 


BENEVOLENCE. 

New-York  is  distinguished  for  its  liberality  to  benevolent  institutions. 
While  credulity  is  often  imposed  upon  by  the  narrative  of  pretended 
woe,  to  the  great  detriment  of  worthy  sufferers,  the  citizens  of  New 
York  have  provided  institutions  where  all,  however  afflicted  by  penury 
or  sickness,  who  are  fit  objects  of  charity,  can  find  that  relief  which  the 
bounty  of  the  liberal  affords. 

We  have  already  alluded  to  the  systems  of  benevolence  connected  with 
the  various  departments  of  the  municipal  government,  as  well  as  some 
of  a  denominational  character.  In  addition  to  the  other  incorporated 
and  associate  institutions  of  the  city,  New- York  contains  the  offices  of 
most  of  the  religious  and  benevolent  societies  of  the  country,  and  is  the 
center  of  their  operations.  We  can  do  no  more  than  notice  a  few  of  the 
more  prominent  of  these  institutions. 

The  Nkw-Yo&k  Hospital  was  established  in  the  year  1771.  On  the 
17th  of  June  of  that  year,  certain  officers  and  inhabitants  of  the  city, 
were  incorporated  by  a  charter,  received  from  the  Earl  of  Dunmore,  then 
Governor  of  the  province,  under  the  title  of  "  the  Society  of  the  Hospital 
in  the  city  of  New- York  in  America,"  and  twenty-six  governors  ap- 
pointed for  the  management  of  its  alfairs.  In  consequence  of  legislative 
and  private  assistance,  the  Society  were  enabled,  in  1773,  to  commence 
Ithe  erection  of  a  suitable  edifice,  but  on  the  2Sth  of  February,  1775, 
when  it  was  nearly  completed,  the  building  was  accidentally  destroyed 
by  fire.  In  less  than  a  month,  the  Society  received  further  contributions 
from  the  Legislature,  and  were  enabled  to  commence  rebuilding  the 
edifice,  but  again  their  expectations  were  to  be  disappointed.  The  war 
of  the  Revolution  had  broken  out,  and  they  were  destined  to  feel  its  full 
effects.  The  city  was  in  the  possession  of  the  British  forces ;  and,  in 
the  universal  appropriation  of  the  public  buildings  to  their  use,  the  hos- 
pital formed  no  exception.  It  was  occupied  as  barracks  for  the  British 
and  Hessian  soldiers,  and,  by  its  occasional  use  as  a  hospital,  the  object 
forwhic'i  it  w  as  erected  did  not  seem  to  be  entirely  forgotten.    Still  fur 


BENEVOLEXOE. 


109 


Bloomingdale  Asylum  for  the  Insane. 

rher  legislative  aid  enabled  the  Society  to  open  the  house  on  the  3d  of 
January,  1791,  for  the  reception  of  patients.  From  that  time  to  the 
present,  it  has  continued  to  enjoy  the  bounty  of  the  State,  and  to  enlarge 
its  sphere  of  usefulness.  It  has  added  to  the  number  of  its  buildings,  and 
introduced  improvements  in  the  original  edifice.  In  1796,  the  governors, 
acting  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Medical  Faculty  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege, appropriated  five  hundred  dollars  to  the  establishment  of  a  medical 
library,  which,  by  means  of  subsequent  additions,  has  increased  to  more 
than  five  thousand  volumes.  In  1S10,  the  name  of  the  Corporation  was 
changed  to  that  of  "  The  Society  of  the  New-York  Hospital." 

The  grounds  of  this  institution  constitute  most  of  the  block  bounded 
by  Broadway,  Anthony,  Church,  and  Duane  streets.  With  the  exception 
of  the  line  on  Broadway,  which  is  partially  owned  by  private  indivi- 
duals and  appropriated  to  dwellings  and  stores,  this  area  is  surrounded 
by  a  high  brick  wall.  An  avenue  of  90  feet  in  width,  adorned  with 
towering  elms,  leads  from  Broadway,  and  presents  an  imposing  view  of 
the  principal  edifice.  The  site  of  the  hospital  buildings  is  higher  than 
the  surrounding  grounds,  and  one  of  the  healthiest  locations  in  the  city. 

The  services  of  the  governors,  and  of  the  physicians  and  surgeons,  who 
are  selected  from  the  most  eminent  of  the  profession,  are  gratuitous. 
Every  applicant  for  admission  must  procure  a  recommendation  from  one 
of  the  governors,  physicians,  or  surgeons  of  the  institution,  as  to  the 
propriety  of  his  admission,  except  in  cases  of  sudden  accidents,  when 
they  are  received  temporarily  by  the  Superintendent  without  such  re- 
commendation. 

The  Bloomingdale  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  located  on  the  Blooming- 
dale  Road,  seven  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  is  a  branch  of  the  New- York 
Hospital.    The  principal  edifice  was  commenced  in  1818,  completed  in 

1820,  and  opened  for  the  reception  of  patients  in  the   month  of  June, 

1821.  About  forty  acres  of  land  are  annexed  to  the  Asylum,  a  portion  * 
of  which  is  highly  improved.    In  addition  to  beautiful  walks  and  gar- 
dens, the  place  is  embellished  with  a  collection  of  plants  that  formerly 
belonged  to  the  botanic  garden  of  Columbia  College,  and  which  the 
Trustees  of  that  institution  presented  to  the  governors  of  the  Hospital. 

This  Asylum  has  received  the  benefit  of  the  experience  of  the  most 
noted  institutions  of  the  kind  in  this  country  and  Europe.  In  1831,  Dr. 
James  McDonald,  who  had  previously  been  the  resident  physician  of  the 
institution,  and  who  had  obtained  the  necessary  information  relative  to 
the  insane  asylums  of  this  country,  was  commissioned  by  the  governors 
of  the  Hospital  to  cross  the  Atlantic,  for  the  purpose  of  examining  simi- 
lar institutions  in  Europe.    His  mission  was  successful.    He  returned, 


110 


BENEVOLENCE. 


Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb. 

after  an  absence  of  fifteei  months,  and,  by  a  connection  with  the  Asy- 
lum for  several  years,  as  its  principal,  communicated  to  it,  not  only 
the  results  of  his  investigations,  but  the  benefits  of  his  experience. 

The  Hospital  and  Asylum  are  institutions  highly  necessary  in  a  large 
city.  Without  them,  New- York  could  not  maintain  the  reputation  she 
now  possesses,  of  providing  for  her  needy  children.  Without  them,  the 
numerous  objects  of  human  misery  could  never  find  relief. 

The  New- York  Institution  for  the  Instruction  of  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb,  is  situated  on  Fiftieth-street,  near  the  Fourth  Avenue,  at  a  dis- 
tance of  somewhat  more  than  three  and  a  half  miles  from  the  City  Hall. 
The  grounds  occupied  by  the  Institution  extend  from  the  Fourth  to  the 
Fifth  Avenue,  and  from  Forty-eighth  to  Fiftieth-street.  One  acre  is  the 
property  of  the  Institution,  and  the  remainder,  nine  acres,  is  leased 
from  the  Common  Council,  at  a  nominal  rent,  the  whole  being  enclosed 
with  a  neat  and  substantial  fence.  A  portion  of  the  ground  is  under 
cultivation,  and  the  rest  is  laid  out  in  walks,  and  a  spacious  lawn  in 
which  the  pupils  take  daily  exercise. 

The  Institution  was  incorporated  by  the  Legislature  of  this  State, 
April  15,  1517.  The  school,  however,  was  not  opened  till  May  of  the 
following  year.  For  several  years  the  school  was  kept  in  the  old  Alms- 
house, so  callcrd,  in  the  Park,  the  boarding  pupils  living  with  their 
teachers,  in  hired  houses  in  the  city.  The  foundation  of  the  present 
main  building  was  laid  in  October,  lb27,  the  site  having  been  given  by 
the  Corporation  of  the  city.  The  building  then  erected,  and  occupied 
for  the  first  time  in  April,  1520,  was  one  hundred  and  ten  by  sixty  feet, 
and  four  stories  high,  including  the  basement.  It  cost  thirty-one  thou- 
sand dollars.  It  b->c?me  necessary,  however,  in  1534,  to  enlarge  this 
building,  and  a  fifth  story  was  added.  In  1S3S,  two  "wings,  about  thirty 
feet  square,  were  erected  on  the  line  of  Fiftieth-street,  aud  at  right  angles 
to  the  main  building,  and  of  the  same  hight,  giving  to  the  building  an 
eastern  and  western  front  of  ninety  feet  each,  including  the  wines.  In 
1S4G,  two  new  and  commodious  wings,  eighty-five  by  thirty  feet  each 
with  connecting  wings  twenty  by  twenty-three  feet,  were  erected,  pro- 
viding spacious  sitting  rooms  for  the  pupils  of  both  sexes,  and  furnish- 
ing additional  dormitories  and  rooms  for  other  necessary  purposes. 
Tuu*  enlarged  to  more  than  double  the  capacity  of  the  original  edifice, 
the  buildings  present  a  front  of  two  hundred  and  ten  feet  on  Fiftieth- 
sueet,  the  extreme  depth  of  the  wings  being  ninety  feet.  They  are  of 
br.«  k  Bad  stuccoed,  apj>earing  at  a  distance  like  white  marble. 

The  management  of  the  Institution  is  intrusted  to  the  Board  of  Di- 


BENEVOLENCE. 


Ill 


Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb. 

rectors,  twenty-five  in  number,  elected  annually  by  the  Society.  TLu 
President,  Harvey  P.  Peet,  M.  A.,  who  has  been  connected  with  the  In- 
stitution since  1S31,  has  the  general  directi  on  and  control  of  its  concerns, 
with  the  counsel  and  advice  of  the  Executive  Committee.  Associated 
with  him,  in  t  the  intellectual  department,  are  eleven  Professors  and 
Teachers.  In  the  Domestic  department  are  a  Physician,  Steward,  Ma- 
tron and  Assistant,  and,  in  the  Mechanical  department,  a  Book-binder, 
Cabinet-maker,  Tailor,  Shoemaker  and  Gardener. 

Five  hours  each  day  are  devoted  to  school  exercises,  independent  of 
the  evening  studies,  and  between  three  and  four  hours  to  the  various 
trades.  The  daily  exercises  of  the  school  are  opened  and  closed  with 
prayer;  and  religious  services  are  held  on  the  Sabbath,  conducted  by  the 
President  and  Professors  in  rotation. 

At  the  date  of  the  last  Annual  Report  (the  Twenty-ninth),  there  were 
two  hundred  and  twenty-five  pupils  under  instruction,  supported  as  fol- 
lows : — one  hundred  and  sixty-one  by  the  State  of  New- York,  eight  by 
the  State  of  New- Jersey,  sixteen  by  the  City  of  Xew-York,  twenty-one 
by  their  friends,  and  nineteen  by  the  Institution. 

The  mode  of  education,  adopted  in  this  institution,  is  the  same  as 
that  which  has  been  pursued  hitherto  by  all  similar  institutions  in  this 
country,  and  is  believed  to  be,  for  general  use,  decidedly  superior  to  any 
other  as  yet  devised.  Its  distinguishing  peculiarity  consists  in  the  use  of 
a  sign -language  based  upon  the  natural  signs  which  every  infant  uses, 
and  which  every  uneducated  deaf  mute  necessarily  invents  as  the  only 
possible  way  for  him  to  indicate  to  others  the  operations  of  his  own 
mind.  The  sign-language  which  is  used  by  the  teacher,  embraces  not 
only  these  natural  elementary  signs,  but  such  modifications  and  increases 
of  these  elements,  and  such  additional  arbitrary  signs  as  are  adapted  to 
the  expansion  of  the  mind  and  wider  range  of  subjects  presented  in  the 
course  of  instruction.  Such  of  the  pupils,  of  whom  there  are  a  few,  as 
are  deemed  capable  of  receiving  benefit  from  the  exercise  of  their  organs 
of  speech  and  practice  in  labial  reading,  are  provided  with  the  means  of 
regular  instruction  in  these  branches. 

It  is  the  design  of  the  Institution  to  educate  the  whole  man — to  de- 
velope  and  cultivate  the  powers  of  the  body,  mind,  and  heart.  And  it 
has  been  eminently  successful.  More  than  six  hundred  individuals, 
some  of  them  most  unpromising  specimens  Df  humauity,  have  partici- 
pated in  its  advantages,  and  gone  forth,  with  scarcely  an  exception 
qualified,  in  a  good  degree,  to  discharge  the  various  duties  of  social  life , 
capable  of  self-support,  industrious,  honest,  happy,  respected,  and  not 
a  few  animated  by  the  hopes  of  a  future  life  where  physical  infirnity 
shall  be  unknown 


112 


BENEVOLENCE. 


Institution  for  the  Blind. 

The  Institution  is  an  architectural  ornament  to  the  city.  But  it  is  far 
more  worthy  of  consideration  for  the  good  which  it  is  accomplishing, 
and  as  a  monument  of  the  philanthrophy  of  its  founders  and  successive 
patrons.  The  State  has  nobly  responded  to  the  silent  appeals  of  her 
afflicted  sons,  and  the  City  has  cheerfully  provided  for  her  own,  while 
private  munificence  has  been  equally  prompt  to  render  occasional  aid. 
May  the  dumb  never  plead  in  vain,  and  may  the  success  which  has  at- 
tended the  Institution  in  its  rapid  progress  and  present  advancement,  be 
but  the  precursor  and  the  pledge  of  still  greater  and  increasing  prosperity 
and  usefulness. 

The  New-Yc:^  xNSTITution  for  the  Blind  was  incorporated  April 
17,  1831.  It  owes  its  origin  mainly  to  the  efforts  of  Samuel  Wood,  a 
well  known  member  of  the  society  of  Friends,  and  of  Dr.  Samuel  Akerly, 
distinguished  for  his  zeal  and  labors  in  behalf  of  the  Institution  for  the 
Deaf  and  Dumb. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  managers,  held  Feb.  IS,  1S32,  a  committee  was 
appointed,  with  power  to  make  arrangements  for  instructing  two  or  three 
blind  children  "  by  way  of  experiment."  At  the  next  meeting,  April  19, 
1832,  it  was  reported  by  this  committee,  that  three  children  had  been 
placed  under  instruction,  with  a  degree  of  success  which  "  afforded  de- 
cisive evidence  of  the  capabilities  of  the  blind  for  receiving  instruction." 
At  the  clo;:e  of  the  same  year,  the  number  of  pupils  had  increased  to  six, 
and  an  exhibition  of  their  exercises  was  given  at  the  City  Hotel,  which 
demonstrated  the  feasibility  of  the  "  experiment,"  and  awakened  an  in- 
terest that  gave  a  fresh  impetus  to  the  cause. 

In  1831,  the  Legislature  passed  an  act  providing  for  the  support  of 
thirty-two  indigent  blind  pupils.  From  this  time,  the  institution  main- 
tained a  career  of  increasing  prosperity,  until  it  was  enabled,  in  1839, 
through  legislative  and  private  donations,  to  erect  its  present  beautiful 
Gothic  edifice,  on  the  Ninth  Avenue. 

The  grounds  of  the  institution,  800  feet  in  length  and  200  in  width, 
occupy  the  square,  bounded  by  33d  and  31th  streets,  and  the  8th  and  9th 
Avenues.  The  edifice,  built  of  Sing  Sing  marble,  consists  of  three  stories, 
and  is  175  feet  in  length.  In  addition  to  the  various  apartments  used  for 
business  arid  domestic  purposes,  it  contains  a  chapel,  library,  dormitories, 
and  school,  music,  and  work  rooms. 

Three  hundred  and  ten  pupils  have  been  admitted  into  this  institution 
The  present  number  is  135.  The  charge  for  pay  pupils,  exclusive  of 
clothing,  is  $130  per  annum.  The  provisions  of  the  act  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, relati  ve  to  the  support  of  a  certain  number  of  indigent  blind  pupils, 


•BENEVOLENCE. 


113 


Society  for  Relief  of  Poor  Widows. 

have  been  so  extended,  that  tbe  managers  are  now  authorized  to  receive 
128  pupils  at  the  expense  of  the  State. 


INSTITUTION  FOR  THE  BLIND. 


The  system  of  instruction  includes  all  the  ordinary  English  branches 
as  well  as  higher  philosophical  and  mathematical  studies. 

The  library  contains  about  700  volumes  of  books  in  the  raised  letter, 
and  200  in  ordinary  type.  The  institution  also  possesses  maps  and  globes, 
with  a  few  pieces  of  philosophical  apparatus,  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the 
blind. 

In  addition  to  the  intellectual  course,  every  pupil,  whose  tastes  and 
talents  will  warrant,  receives  a  thorough  education  in  music,  both  vocal 
and  instrumental,  and  is  instructed  in  a  trade.  The  pupils  leave  this  in- 
stitution mentally  and  morally  improved,  and  fitted  for  useful  stations  in 
society. 

The  Society  for  the  Relief  of  Poor  Widows  with  S:\iall  Chil- 
dren, commenced  and  conducted  by  ladies,  was  the  first  association  of 
this  character  in  America;  and,  it  is  believed,  in  Great  Britain. 

In  November,  1797,  the  late  Mrs.  Isabella  Graham,  after  consulting 
with  a  few  friends  on  the  propriety  of  establishing  a  female  society  for  the 
relief  of  poor  widows  with  small  children,  addressed  circular  invitations 
to  the  ladies  of  New- York,  to  meet  at  her  house  for  the  purpose  of  digest- 
ing and  perfecting  the  plan.  A  respectable  number  assembled.  The 
project  was  approved,  and  the  society  organized.  It  seemed  a  provi- 
dential circumstance  that  this  institution  commenced  its  operations  in 
season  to  afford  relief  to  the  many  bereaved  families  who  had  lost  their 
husbands  and  fathers,  in  the  ravages  of  the  yellow  fever,  at  the  close  of 
the  last  century. 


114 


BENEVOLENCE. 


New-Ycrk  Orphan  Asylum. 

The  society  has,  during  more  than  half  a  century,  continued  in  suc- 
cessful operation.  Its  almoners  have  visited  the  abodes  of  distress,  dis- 
pensing temporal  aid  by  the  distribution  of  charity,  and  spiritual  comfort 
by  the  circulation  of  the  sacred  volume. 

The  number  of  beneficiaries,  during  the  years  1S47  and  184S,  has  been 
3S5  widows  and  1023  children  ;  and  the  sum  of  $5,413  72  has  been  ex- 
pended in  affording  them  partial  relief. 

The  Orphan  Asylum  Society  of  the  City  of  New- York  is  the 
offspring  of  the  last  mentioned  institution.  No  sooner  was  the  "  Society 
for  the  Relief  of  Poor  Widows  with  Small  Children"  in  full  operation, 
than  the  pitiable  condition  of  those  children  who,  on  the  decease  of  the 
last  parent,  were  driven  to  seek  refuge  in  the  alms-house,  was  forcibly 
presented  to  the  view  of  its  managers.  Several  ladies,  two  of  whom, 
Mrs.  Gen.  Hamilton  and  Mrs.  Joanna  Bethune,*  still  survive,  and  are 
members  of  the  present  Board  of  Direction,  associated  for  the  purpose  of 
providing  an  Asylum  for  destitute  children  deprived  of  both  parents.  At 
a  meeting  held  at  the  City  Hotel,  on  the  15th  of  March,  1S0G,  the  so- 
ciety was  duly  organized,  and,  on  the  1st  of  May,  the  Asylum  was  opened 
in  a  hired  house  in  Raisin-street,  f  Greenwich  village. 

As  the  number  of  orphans  under  their  care  increased,  the  society  be- 
came desirous  of  erecting  a  commodious  building.  They  petitioned  the 
Legislature  for  an  act  of  incorporation,  which  was  granted  in  April, 
1S07.  Four  lots  in  Bank-street  were  purchased  on  credit,  and  an  appeal 
to  the  clergy  of  the  different  religious  denominations,  resulted  in  collections, 
in  their  respective  congregations,  to  provide  the  means  for  the  erection  of 
the  edifice.  Notwithstanding  the  liberality  of  the  public,  the  society  was 
obliged  to  contract  a  large  debt ;  but  subsequent  legislative  contributions, 
particularly  an  annual  grant  of  five  hundred  dollars,  which  they  still 
receive,  extricated  them  from  all  embarrassments. 

A  period  of  thirty  years  sufficed  to  remove  the  vacant  space  between 
the  village  of  Greenwich  and  the  city  proper.  The  Asylum  was  sur- 
rounded with  newly-erected  buildings,  and  its  property  was  greatly  in- 
creased in  value.  The  society  desired  to  remove  to  a  location  where  the 
children  could  enjoy  purer  air  and  more  ample  accommodations.  Accord- 
ingly witrfj^  advice  of  their  patrons,  they  sold  their  former  property, 
and  purchased  nine  and  one-half  acres  of  ground  at  Bloomingdale,  for 
^'17,500.    On  the  9th  of  June,  1836,  the  corner  stone  of  the  present 


*  To  this  Lady,  the  biographer  of  Mrs.  Graham,  we  are  indebted  for  most  of  oar  in- 
formation respecting  this  and  the  last  mentioned  associations, 
f  Now  called  Lai  row-street. 


BBXEVOLEXCE. 


117 


Marine  Hospital — Seamen's  Retreat. — Sailor's  Snug  Harbor. 

lautieal  skill  and  knowledge,  and  of  affording  aid  and  relief  to  unfor- 
unate  ship-masters  and  their  destitute  widows  and  orphans.* 

The  Marine  Hospital,  located  at  the  Quarantine  Ground,  on  Staten 
Hand,  is  designed  for  the  reception  of  sick  passengers  and  seamen  arriv- 
ng  at  the  port.  It  is  under  the  management  of  the  Commissioners  of 
Emigration.  Its  income  is  derived  from  the  tax  levied  upon  passengers 
irriving  from  foreign  ports,  of  two  dollars  for  each  cabin  passenger,  and 
ifty  cents  for  each  passenger  in  the  steerage.  This  fund,  from  which  ap- 
popriations  are  sometimes  made  to  other  objects,  amounts  at  present  to 
learly  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  per  annum. 

The  Seamen's  Retreat,  situated  on  Staten  Island,  near  the  Quaran- 
:ine  Ground,  was  established  by  an  act  of  the  Legislature,  passed  April  22, 
L831,  for  providing  a  hospital  for  sick  and  disabled  seamen,  independ- 
mt  of  that  appropriated  to  those  who  are  subject  to  quarantine.  Its 
affairs  are  conducted  by  trustees,  denominated  "  the  Trustees  of  the  Sea- 
men's Fund  and  Retreat  in  the  city  of  New- York,5'  who  are  empowered 
:o  collect  from  the  master  of  every  vessel  arriving  from  a  foreign  port,  for 
tiim-elf,  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents,  for  each  mate  one  dollar,  and  for  each 
sailor  belonging  to  his  vessel,  fifty  cents,  and  from  the  master  of  each 
coasting  vessel  twenty-five  cents  for  each  member  of  the  crew.f  All  per- 
sons who  have  paid  such  "  hospital  moneys"  are  deemed,  when  sick  or 
disabled,  fit  objects  for  reception  into  the  Retreat.  On  the  16th  of  Novem- 
ber, 1847,  the  Legislature  passed  an  act  instructing  the  trustees  to  provide 
bl  building  to  be  exclusively  devoted  to  the  use  of  the  destitute,  sick  or 
infirm  mothers,  wives,  sisters,  daughters  or  widows  of  such  seamen  as 
bave  for  two  years  contributed  to  the  hospital  funds. 

The  Sailors'  Snug  Harbor,  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Staten 
Island,  was  founded  in  1S01,  by  the  bequest  of  Captain  Robert  Richard 
Randall,  for  maintaining  aged  and  infirm  seamen.  The  property,  consist- 
ing of  real  estate,  stocks  and  other  investments,  was  originally  estimated 
at  $50,000,  but  afterwards  rapidly  increased  in  value.  The  trustees  ap- 
pointed by  the  will,  procured  an  act  of  incorporation  from  the  Legislature, 
February  6, 1806.  For  many  years  the  hospital  was  located  on^i  portion 
of  the  property,  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Ninth-std|Pj  but  the 
original  building  has  given  place  to  the  present  large  and  commodious 
edifice,  consisting  of  a  main  building,  with  wings,  and  presenting  a  front 

*  Charter  of  the  Nautical  Institution. 

+  The  coasting  vessels  of  New-Jersey,  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  are  not 
obliged  to  y»ay  for  more  than  one  voyage  in  each  month. 


118 


BENEVOLENCE. 


Mariner's  Family  Industrial  Society  .—Am .  Bible  Soc— Am.  Tract  Soc. 

225  feet  in  length.  Connected  with  the  asylum  are  1G0  acres  oi 
land. 

The  Mariner's  Family  Industrial  Society  of  the  Port  of  New- 
York,  was  established  in  1S43,  for  the  purpose  of  providing  work,  at  a 
fair  remuneration,  for  the  female  members  of  the  families  of  seamen,  and 
of  relieving  the  necessities  of  such  families,  when  incapable  of  labor.* 
By  an  act  of  the  Legislature,  passed  December  14th,  1847,  the  trustees 
of  the  Seamen's  Fund  and  Retreat,  were  authorised  to  pay,  at  their  dis- 
cretion, a  portion  of  the  surplus  moneys  in  their  hands,  to  the  destitute 
and  infirm  female  relatives  of  seamen  who  have  contributed  to  the  funds 
of  the  Retreat,  at  such  times  and  places  as  they  may  deem  expedient. 
Agreeably  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  the  trustees  have  selected  this  so- 
ciety as  a  proper  medium,  through  which  to  distribute  such  funds  as  may 
be  appropriated  to  the  relief  of  this  destitute  class  of  the  community,  f 
The  association  have  a  clothing  store  at  No.  322  Pearl-street. 

Of  those  institutions  that  are  considered  national,  we  will  mention  a  few 
that  are  not  of  a  denominational  character,  and  which  have  large  estab- 
lishments in  this  city  connected  with  their  operations. 

The  American  Bible  Society  was  organized  on  the  8th  of  May,  1816, 
by  delegates  from  existing  local  Bible  Societies  and  other  friends  of  the 
object.  Its  government  is  intrusted  to  thirty-six  managers.}:  The  Bible 
House  is  located  at  115  Nassau-street.  The  number  of  copies  distributed 
the  last  year  was  633,395  The  aggregate  issues  since  the  formation  of 
the  society  have  been  6,9S0,535  copies.  During  the  first  year's  operation 
of  the  society,  the  receipts  amounted  to  $35,000  :  the  last  year,  they  were 
$234,614,84  The  number  of  auxiliary  societies  is  now  about  1200,  with 
2500  branches.  The  society  have  published  the  Bible  in  several  foreign 
languages,  and  have  furnished  means  to  publish  it  at  various  missionary 
stations. 

The  American  Tract  Society  was  organized  by  a  union  of  various 
local  associations  of  a  similar  nature,  May  10,  1S25.  After  a  successful 
rise  and  progress,  it  wras  incorporated  by  the  Legislature  May  26,  1S41. 
The  object  of  the  institution  is  the  distribution  of  such  religious  tracts  and 
volumes*  "  shall  receive  the  approbation  of  all  evangelical  Christians."^ 
The  Publishing,  Distributing,  and  Finance  Committees,  have  the  su- 
pervision of  the  several  departments  indicated  by  their  appellations; 

*  Constitution  of  Mariner's  Family  Industial  Society, 

t  Fourth  Ann.  Rep.  of  M.  F.  I.  Soc. 

\  Constit.  of  Am.  Bible  Society. 

^  Constitution  of  Am.  Tract  Society. 


BENEVOLENCE. 


119 


Am.  &  For.  Chris.  Un. — Am  Seamen's  Friend  Soc.-Am.  Board  of  Com.  for  For.  Mis. 

and  to  them  collectively,  under  tbe  title  of  the  Executive  Committee,  is 
intrusted  the  entire  management  of  the  concerns  of  the  society.  The 
present  Tract  House,  on  the  corner  of  Nassau  and  Spruce  streets,  was 
erected  in  1846.  More  than  6,000,000  of  tracts,  and  about  700,000  vo- 
lumes of  books  are  annually  distributed. 

Rev.  Wm.  A.  Hallock,  Rev.  O.  Eastman,  and  Rev.  R.  S.  Cook,  are 
the  Secretaries. 

The  American  and  Foreign  Christian  Union  was  organized  on  the 
10th  of  May,  1S49.  It  grew  out  of  a  fusion  of  three  societies  into  one, 
viz.,  "the  American  Protestant  Society,"  "  the  Foreign  Evangelical  So- 
ciety," and  "the  Christian  Alliance."  Its  object  is  to  promote  the 
knowledge  of  a  pure  Christianity  among  the  papal  population  of  our  own 
country  and  among  the  nations  of  Christendom  abroad  which  do  not  pos- 
sess the  true  Gospel. 

The  Society  publishes  a  monthly  magazine,  which  bears  the  title  of 
"The  American  and  Foreign  Christian  Union,"  of  forty-eight  pages,  a 
monthly  sheet  of  four  pages,  entitled,  "  The  Missionary  Int-lligencer," 
and  a  semi-monthly  sheet  called  "  DerFreie  Deutche  Katholik"  (the  Free 
German  Catholic).  The  first  has  a  circulation  of  thirteen  thousand 
copies  ;  the  second  eight  thousand  ;  and  the  third  about  seven  hundred. 

The  office  of  the  Society  is  at  150  Nassau-street.  The  Secretaries  are 
Rev.  Robert  Baird,  D.D.,  and  Rev.  H.  Norton.  The  General  Agent  is 
Edward  Vernon,  Esq.  * 

The  American  Seamen's  Friend  Society  was  organized  at  a  public 
meeting  held  in  the  City  Hotel  in  January,  3S26,  and  incorporated  by 
the  Legislature  in  1S33.  Its  object  is  to  improve  the  social  and  moral 
condition  of  seamen.*  The  society  publishes  the  Sailor's  Magazine,  a 
monthly  journal,  with  a  circulation  of  more  than  six  thousand  copies  as 
well  as  other  moral  and  religious  works,  at  its  office,  No.  82  Wall-street. 
The  Sailor's  Home,  No.  190  Cherry-street,  was  established,  and  is 
under  the  supervision  of  the  society. 

The  American  Board   of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions, 
whose  operations  are  far  more  extensive  than  those  of  any  other  benevo- 
lent association  in  America,  having  only  an  agency  in  this  city,  doe 
not  come  within  the  scope  of  our  subject. 


*  Constitution  of  Seamen's  Friend  Society. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


EDUCATION. 

Institutions  of  learning  have  not  been  despised  by  the  citizens  of  New 
York.  In  fewer  cities  has  more  liberal  provision  been  made,  both  for  the 
instruction  of  the  masses,  and  the  training  of  those  minds  that  desire  to 
range  the  loftier  fields  of  literature  and  of  intellect.  In  the  earlier  days  oi 
the  provincial  government,  little  attention,  it  is  true,  was  paid  to  the  de- 
mands of  education.  The  colony  of  New-York  owed  its  origin  to  com- 
mercial interests — an  influence  by  no  means  favorable  to  the  develop- 
ment or  discipline  of  the  powers  of  the  mind.  While  other  colonies, 
planted  as  asylums  from  religious  intolerance,  early  manifested  a  zeal 
in  the  cause  of  letters,  which  led  to  the  establishment  of  seats  of  learn- 
ing that  are  now  the  ornament  of  our  country,  the  means  for  an  in- 
different education  could  scarcely  be  found  in  the  province  of  New-York. 
But  their  descendants  have  amply  atoned  for  this  remissness  of  the  original 
settlers.  And  at  present  New-York  is  not  only  supplied  with  a  most 
effective  system  of  common  school  instruction,  but  can  boast  of  institu- 
tions of  learning  that  stand  high  in  public  esteem. 

There  are  three  classes  of  schools  supported  at  the  public  expense  in 
the  city  of  New -York  : — 

1.  Schools  of  the  Public  School  Society,  an  incorporated  body, 
founded  in  ISO j,  which  has,  at  the  present  time,  under  its  management, 
one  hundred  and  fifteen  schools. 

2.  Ward  Schools,  organized  under  an  act  of  the  Legislature,  passed 
May,  1S42,  and  managed  by  Trustees,  Inspectors  and  Commissioners, 
elected  in  the  several  wards.    The  number  of  these  schools  is  fifty-four. 

3.  Corporate  Schools,  consisting  principally  of  those  of  the  orphan 
asylums  and  other  charitable  institutions. 

All  there  schools  participate  equally  in  the  apportionment  of  the  school 
moneys,  made  by  the  Board  of  Education,  composed  of  the  Commission- 
ers of  all  the  Wards,  to  whom  they  are  required  to  lender  annual  reports. 
The  amount  apportioned  for  the  current  year  was  $199,743  SI,  of  which 


EDUCATION.  121 

Public  Schools.— Columbia  College. 

the  sum  of  39,153  53  was  received  from  the  State,  and  the  remainder 
raised  by  taxation  on  real  and  personal  property. 

The  whole  number  of  scholars  taught  in  all  these  schools,  during  the 
year  ending  January  31,  1S48,  was  83,595.  The  actual  average  attend- 
ance, was  32,122.  M 

On  the  7th  of  May,  1847,  an  act  was  passed  by  the  Legislature,  au- 
thorizing the  Board  of  Education  of  the  city  of  New-York  to  establish  a 
Free  Academy.  It  gave  authority  to  erect  a  building  at  an  expense  of 
$50,000,  and  authorized  the  annual  expenditure  of  $20,000  for  its  sup- 
port. The  act  provided,  as  a  condition  to  its  becoming  a  law,  that  the 
question  whether  such  an  academy  should  be  established,  be  submitted 
to  the  people.  The  question  was  so  submitted,  and  19,404  votes  were 
given  in  favor  of,  and  3,409  against  the  measure.  The  building,  an  im- 
posing structure,  on  the  corner  of  Lexington  Avenue  and  Twenty-third- 
street,  is  now  completed,  and  the  institution  commenced  its  operations 
in  February,  1849.  Previous  connection  with  the  ward  or  public  schools 
is  necessary  to  render  a  student  eligible  for  admission  into  the  Academy. 

New- York  is  the  seat  of  two  collegiate  institutions,  as  well  as  of  se- 
minaries of  a  high  character,  connected  with  the  learned  professions. 

Columbia  College  was  founded  during  the  colonial  government.* 

At  various  times  during  the  early  part  of  the  last  century,  the  establish- 
ment of  a  seat  of  learning  was  proposed,  but  it  was  not  until  174G  that 
vigorous  measures  were  set  on  foot  for  the  accomplishment  of  this  object. 
A  controversy  as  to  the  religious  character  of  the  intended  college,  was 
terminated  by  the  adoption  of  Episcopal  forms,  and,  on  the  31st  of 
October,  1754,  a  charter,  under  the  royal  seals,  giving  to  the  new  in- 
stitution the  name  of  Kind's  College,  was  obtained. f 

In  1756,  a  college  edifice  was  erected  on  ground  given  by  Trinity 
Church,  situated  in  Church-street,  between  Barclay  and  Murray  streets, 
and  the  institution  became  established  under  the  presidency  of  Rev.  Samuel 
Johnson,  D.D.,  of  Connecticut.  This  gentleman  resigned  his  office  in  1763, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Myles  Cooper,  D.D.,  of  Oxford,  England.  To 
extend  its  sphere  of  instruction,  a  Grammar,  and  a  Medical  School,  the 
former  in  1763,  and  the  latter  in  1767,  were  established  in  the  college; 
and,  previously  to  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  the  institution  embraced  in 
its  plan  of  education  nearly  all  the  branches  of  literature  and  science 
taught  by  the  European  colleges. { 

•  Pres.  Moore's  Hist.  Sketch  of  Colum.  Coll.  is  the  principal  authority  for  the  facta 
contained  in  the  following  article, 
f  Smith's  History  of  New-York. 

i  Account  of  King's  College,  supposed  to  have  been  written  by  Dr.  Cooper  in  1773 

6 


122 


EDUCATION. 


Columbia  College. 

In  April,  1776,  a  requisition  was  made  upon  the  officers  of  the  in- 
stitution by  the  Committee  of  Safety,  for  the  surrender  of  the  building,  to 
be  used  as  a  military  hospital.  This  led  to  the  dispersion  of  the  students, 
the  loss  of  a  large  portion  of  the  library  and  apparatus,  and  the  almost 
total  suspension  of  the  college  exercises»for  a  period  of  eight  years. 

On  the  1st  of  May,  1784,  the  Legislature  established  an  institution 
called  the  University  of  the  State,  the  Regents  of  which  were  constituted 
Supervisors  of  all  the  seminaries  of  learning  in  the  State.  At  the  same 
time  the  name  "King's  College,"  was  changed  to  "Columbia  College." 
Owing  to  defects  in  the  act  appointing  the  Regents  of  the  University, 
another  act  was  passed  in  1787,  placing  the  college  under  the  care  of 
twenty-nine  trustees.  In  the  same  year,  the  vacancy  in  the  presidential 
chair  caused  by  the  flight  of  Dr.  Cooper,  at  the  commencement  of  the  Re- 
volution, was  filled  by  the  election  of  William  Samuel  Johnson,  LL.  D., 
son  of  the  first  president.  During  the  administration  of  this  gentleman, 
and  the  succeeding  presidencies  of  Rev.  Dr.  Wharton,  Bishop  Moore,  and 
Rev.  Dr.  Harris,  the  college  continued  to  increase  in  reputation  and  influ- 
ence . 

On  the  first  of  November,  1813,  the  medical  department  of  the  college 
was  merged  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  an  institution  es- 
tablished by  the  Regents  of  the  University.  In  consequence  of  doubt 
as  to  the  permanent  location  of  the  college  on  the  grounds  it  then  oc- 
cupied, the  buildings  had  been  suffered  to  remain  for  some  years  without 
repair ;  but  this  doubt  having  been  removed  by  a  report  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees,  extensive  alterations  and  additions  were  projected  in  1817,  and 
completed  in  1820.  The  decease  of  Dr.  Harris,  in  1829,  was  followed  by 
the  appointment  of  William  A.  Duer,  LL.  D.,  as  his  successor. 

The  proposal  for  the  establishment  of  the  City  University,  in  1830,  in 
which  a  more  general  system  of  instruction  than  that  adopted  by  Colum- 
bia College,  should  be  introduced,  led  to  the  establishment,  on  the  part 
of  the  latter  institution,  of  an  additional  course  of  study,  called  the  Sci- 
entific and  Literary  Course,  in  distinction  from  that  already  existing, 
which  was  denominated  the  Full  Course  ;  but  this  plan,  having  failed  to 
receive  the  support  of  the  public,  was,  in  1843,  discontinued.  In  1842, 
President  Duer  was  compelled,  in  consequence  of  ill  health,  to  resign  his 
office,  and  Nathaniel  F.Moore,  LL.  D.,  was  elected  in  his  place. 

President  Moore  retained  his  connection  with  the  College  until  the  1st 
of  November,  1849,  when  he  resigned,  and  Charles  King,  LL.D.,  became 
the  President  of  the  institution.  The  other  members  of  the  faculty  are  the 
following : — 


EDUCATION. 


123 


New- York  University. 


Rev.  Jno.M'Vickar,  S.T.  D.,  Prof.  Int.  &f  Mor.  Phil,  Pol.  Econ.,  Rhct.,  Bel.  Let  A  M 
Chas.  Anthon,  LL.D.,  Prof,  of  Grlc.  6fLat.  Lang,  and  Lit.,  and  Red.  Gram.  Sch.  ? 
Jas.  Renwick,  LL.D.,  Prof,  of  Natural  ff  Experim.  Philosophy  and  Chemistry.  I 
Rev.  Charles  W.  Hackley,  S.  T.  D.,  Professor  of  Mathematics  &f  Astronomy.  f 
Henry  Drisler,  Jr.,  A.M.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  the  Greek  <Sf  Latin  Languages.  £ 
Rev.  H.  I.Schmidt,  A.M.,  Gebhard-Prof.  of  the  German  Langfy  Literature.  •    J  s- 
Mariano  Velazquez  de  la  Cadena,  LL.  B.,  Prof,  of  Spanish  Lang,  and  Lit. 
Rev.  Samuel  H.  Turner,  D.D.,  Professor  of  the  Hebrew  Language. 
E.  Felix  Poresti,  LL.  B.,Professor  of  the  Italian  Language  and  Literature. 
Felix  G.  Berteau,  LL.  B.,  Professor  of  the  French  Language  and  Literature 
John  W.  S.  Hows,  Professor  of  Elocution. 
William  Betts,  A.M.,  Professor  of  Law. 


NEW-YORK  UNIVERSITY. 


The  University  of  the  City  of  New- York  received  its  charter  Apri] 
21, 1831.  At  the  close  of  the  succeeding  month,  James  M.  Matthews,  D.  D., 
was  appointed  Chancellor  of  the  institution.  The  University  maybe  con- 
sidered as  having  been  opened  for  instruction  in  September,  1832.  Lectures 
hadbeen  previously  delivered,  but  it  was  not  until  the  26th  of  this  month 
that  the  Chancellor  and  Professors  were  inaugurated.  One  of  the  earliest 
matters  that  occupied  the  attention  of  the  Council  was  the  erection  of  a 
suitable  edifice.  The  present  beautiful  Gothic  structure,  in  University- 
Place,  between  Washington  and  Waverley  Places,  was  the  result  of  their 
efforts.  This  was  completed  in  1836.  The  expenses  attending  the  es- 
tablishment of  an  infant  collegiate  institution,  and  the  erection  of  the 
costly  edifice,  had  created  a  large  debt,  which  was  subsequently  the  cauae 


124 


EDUCATION. 


Med.  Depart,  of  N.  Y.  University.— College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

of  much  embarrassment,  and  when,  on  the  15th  of  March,  1S39,  the  pre- 
sent Chancellor,  Theodore  Frelinghuysen,  LL.  D.,  was  elected,  the  Uni- 
versity was  rapidly  declining.  Under  the  auspices,  however,  of  this  dis- 
tinguished gentleman,  the  institution  emerged,  from  its  difficulties,  and  is 
now  in  a  prosperous  condition.  For  the  last  seven  years,  thirty  has  been 
the  average  number  annually  graduated,  at  the  University.  The  present 
number  of  students  is  about  one  hundred  and  fifteen.*  Connected 
with  the  institution,  are  a  medical  department  and  a  grammar  school. 
The  latter,  under  the  superintendence  of  Professor  Johnson,  contains 
nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty  students — the  former  will  claim  oar  distinct 
attention.  The  officers  of  the  academical  department  of  the  University 
are  the  following  : — 

Hon.  Theo.  Frelinghuysen.  LL.  D..  Chanc.  and  Prof,  of  Mor.  Phil,  and  Rhet. 
Cyrus  Masox,  D.D.,  Prof,  of  Polit.  Economy  and  Evidences  of  Revealed  Relig. 

E.  A.  Johnson,  A.M.,  Professor  of  the  Ancient  Languages. 
C.  S.  Henby,  D.D..  Prof,  of  Intellec.  Philosophy.  History,  and  Belle s-Lettres. 
John  W.  Draper.  M.D..  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Natural  History. 
Eli  as  Loomis.  A.M.,  Prof,  of  Mathematics,  Natural  Philosophy,  and  Astronomy. 
P.  If.  TV.  Redfield,  A.M.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Mathematics. 
S.  F.  B.  Morse,  LL.D.,  Professor  of  the  Literature  of  the  Arts  of  Design, 
M.  Giraud,  Professor  of  the  French  Language. 

Felix  Forksti,  Professor  of  the  Italian  Language. 
T.  S.  Cummings.  Professor  of  Painting  and  Drawing. 
G.  J.  Adler,  A.M..  Professor  of  the  German  Language. 

F.  J.  Viwgut,  Professor  of  the  Spanish  Language 

The  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  the  City  of  Xew- 
York  is  located  at  No.  659  Broadway.  Though  a  branch  of  the  last 
mentioned  institution,  it  is  under  a  distinct  organization.  It  has  attain- 
ed a  high  degree  of  prosperity.  The  number  of  students  exceeds  four 
hundred. f  The  college  building  contains  a  large  museum,  and  lecture 
and  dissecting  rooms.    The  following  are  the  medical  professors  : — 

Hon.  Theo  Frelinghuysen,  LL.D.,  Chanc.  of  the  Univ..  President  of  the  Faculty. 
Valentine  Mott,  M.D.,  Prof.  Principles,  Practice,  and  Operations  of  Surgery. 
Granville  S.  PattisOn,  M.D..  Prof.  General.  Descriptive,  and  Surgical  Anatomy 
Samuel  Henry  Dickson,  M.D.,  Professor  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine' 
Martin  Paine.  M.D..  Professor  of  the  Institutes  of  Medicine  and  Materia  Medica* 

G.  S.  Bedford,  M.D..  Prof,  of  Midwifery,  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children 
John  William  Draper,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry . 

The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New-York, 
is  the  oldest  medical  college  in  the  State.  In  1791,  the  Regents  of  the 
State  University  were  authorized  to  found  a  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and,  in  1S07,  the  institution  thatforms  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 
received  its  charter.  The  professors  appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  various 
departments  were  designated  by  the  title  of"  Professors  of  the  University 
of  the  State  of  New-York,  for  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons."} 

•  Catalogue  of  Univ.  of  the  City  of  N.  Y. 

f  Catalogue  of  Med.  Department  of  Univ.  of  City  Of  N.  Y. 

t  Chartor  of  Coll.  of  Phys.  fend  Surg 


EDUCATION. 


125 


Gen.  Theol.  Sem.  of  Prot.  Epis.  Church.— Union  Theol.  Seminary. 


In  1813,  the  medical  department  of  Columbia  College  was  merged  in  this 
institution.*  With  the  exception  of  two  periods  of  discord  among  its 
officers,  in  1810,  and  in  1826,  leading  to  the  resignation  of  professors,  it 
has  maintained  a  prosperous  career.  The  college  edifice  is  situated  at  No. 
07  Crosby-street.  The  institution  possesses  a  valuable  library  and  mu- 
seum, and  has  at  present  over  twro  hundred  students, f  under  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  following  professors  : — 

A?  H.  Stevens,  M.D.,  Pres.  of  College,  and  Emeritus  Prof,  of  Clinical  Surgery. 
J.  Mather  Smith,  M.D.,  Prof,  of  Theory  and  Prac.  of  Medicine  and  Clinical  Med, 
John  B.  Beck,  M.D. ,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and,  Medical  Jurisprudence. 
John  Torrey,  M.  D.,  LL.  D  .  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Botany. 
Robert  Watts,  Jr.,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy. 

Willard  Parker,  M.D.,  Prof,  of  Prin.  and  Pract.  of  Surgery  and  Surg.  Anatomy, 
Chandler  R.  Gilman,  M.D.,  Prof  of  Obstetrics  and  Dis.of  Women  and  Children. 
Alonzo  Clark,  M.D.,  Professor  oj  Physiology  and  Pathology. 
Charles  £.  Isaacs,     M.D.,  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 
Lewis  A.  Sayre,  M.D.,  Prosector  of  Surgery. 


The  General  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Church  in  the  United  States  was  founded  in  1S19,  and  incor- 
porated in  1822.  It  consists  of  two  edifices  of  stone,  each  about  52  by 
110  feet,  standing  on  ground,  in  Twentieth- street,  between  the  Ninth  and 
Tenth  Avenues,  presented  by  Clement  C.  Moore,  LL.  D.  The  number  of 
students  is  nearly  seventy.}:  The  library  contains  over  10,000  volumes.§ 
It  is  governed  by  a  Board  of  Trustees,  consisting  of  the  Bishops,  and  a 
certain  number  of  representatives,  varying  according  to  circumstances, 
from  each  diocese.  ||  The  number  of  trustees  to  which  the  diocese  of  New- 
York  is  at  present  entitled  is  fifty-one.  1T    The  following  are  the  officers  : — 

Rt.  Rev.  B.  T.  Onderdonk,  T>.T>Z*Chn.  of  Fac.}  Prof.  cfXat.  Min.  and  Pol.  of  Ch- 

Rev.  Samuel  H.  Turner,  D.D.,  Prof.  ofBibl.  Learning  and  Interp.  of  Scripture. 

Rev.  Bird  Wilson,  D.D.,  LL.  D.,  Prof  of  Systematic  Divin. 

Clement  C.  Moore,  LL.  D.,  Professor  of  Oriental  and  Greek  Literature. 

Rev.  John  D.  Ogilby,  D.D.,  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical  History. 

Rev.  Benj.  I.  Haight,  D.D.,  Professor  of  Pastoral  Theology  and  Pulpit  Eloquent*. 


The  Union  Theological  Seminary  was  founded  January  IS,  1S36,  and 
opened  for  instruction  the  same  year.  The  building,  a  commodious  brick 
edifice,  No.  9  University  Place,  between  Waverley  Place  and  Eighth-street, 
contains  the  chapel,  library,  lecture  rooms,  and  apartments  for  students. 
A  most  valuable  library,  containing  about  17,000  volumes,  is  connected 
with  the  institution.  The  number  of  students  is  about  one  hundred.  The 
seminary,  though  under  the  management  of  the  Presbyterian  church,  is 


*  Moore's  Hist.  Sketch  of  Colum.  Coll. 

f  Ann.  Catal.  of  Regents  of  Univ.  of  State  of  N.  Y. 

\  Catal.  of  Gen.  Theol.  Sem. 

&Last  Rep.  of  Gen.  Theol.  Sem.  to  Trustees. 

||  Act  of  Incorp.  Constit.  and  Statutes  of  Gen.  Theol.  Sem..  published  1845. 
%  Jour,  of  Sixty-fourth  Conven.  of  Prot.  Epis.  Church  in  Diocese  of  N.  T. 
»»  Now  under  sentence  of  suspension. 


128 


EDUCATION. 


Rutgers  Female  Institute. 

open  for  the  admission  of  students  from  every  denomination  of  Christians.* 

The  professors  and  instructors  are  six  in  number. 

Rev.  Henry  White,  D.D.,  Professor  of  Systematic  Theology. 

Rev.  Edward  Robinson,  D.D.,  LL.  D.,  Professor  of  Biblical  Literature. 

Rev.  Thomas  II.  Skinner,  D.D.,  Prof,  of  Sacred  Rhetoric  and  Pastoral  Theology. 

Rev.  Luther  Kalsey,  D.D.,  Lecturer  in  Biblical  and  Ecclesiastical  History. 

\V.  Waddkn  Turner,  Instructor  in  Elements  of  Hebrew  and  kindred  Lang. 

Edward  Howe,  Jr.,  A.M.,  Instructor  in  Sacred  Music. 

The  Rutgers  Female  Institute  is  pleasantly  located  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  city,  near  the  mansion  of  the  late  Col.  Rutgers,  from  whom  it  de- 
rived its  name.  It  was  incorporated  in  1833,  and  placed  under  the  care 
of  the  Regents  of  the  State  University  in  the  following  year.  It  is  an 
institution  exclusively  devoted  to  the  education  of  young  ladies.  The 
money  required  for  the  erection  and  furnishing  of  the  buildings  was  raised 
by  subscription  ;  the  land  which  they  occupy,  a  munificent  donation,  was 
given  by  Wm.  13.  Crosby,  Esq.  A  large  and  expensive  chemical  and 
philosophical  apparatus,  adequate  to  all  the  purposes  of  illustration,  has 
been  purchased  for  the  institution.  Few  of  our  colleges  can  boast  of 
greater  facilities  for  instruction  in  these  departments  of  science.  The  li- 
brary contains  2000  volumes  of  well  selected  works.  The  system  of  in- 
struction, embracing  an  extensive  range  of  study  in  the  belles-lettres,  his- 
tory, mathematics  and  philosophy,  is  thorough  and  practical.  The  grand 
results  aimed  at,  are  discijMne  and  a  preparation  for  the  duties  and  re- 
sponsibilities of  life.    The  following  Professors  constitute  the  Faculty : — 

Chas.  E.  West,  A.M.,  Principal,  and  Prof,  of  Chemistry  and  Natural  Philosophy. 
George  J.  ADI/BR,  A.M.,  Professor  of  the  Latin  and  German  Languages. 
Sen.  Secchi  De  Casali,  Professor  of  the  Italian  Language. 
George  F.  Root,  Teacher  of  Music. 

Thos.  S.  Cummings,  Teacher  of  Drawing  and  Painting, 
With  twenty-two  Assistant  Teachers. 

To  many  of  the  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  as  well  as  benevo- 
lent institutions  which  we  have  noticed,  are  appended  valuable  schools  in 
various  departments  of  instruction.  New-York  is  likewise  well  supplied 
with  private  schools  and  seminaries  which  our  limits  will  not  permit  us 
to  notice.  We  proceed  to  inquire,  what  is  the  influence  of  these  institu- 
tions on  the  community. 


•  Catal.  of  Un.  Theol.  Sem. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


LITERATURE,  SCIENCE,  AND  TASTE. 

The  centers  of  learning  send  forth  a  light  that  extends  far  beyond  those 
circles  that  have  been  directly  illuminated  by  its  rays,  and  penetrates  the 
darkest  portions  of  society.  Whatever  educates  a  portion  of  the  com- 
munity, increases  the  taste  of  the  whole  for  those  pursuits  and  pleasures 
that  are  based  upon  the  exercise  of  the  intellectual  powers.  Even  those 
who  have  not  greatly  participated  in  the  benefits  of  early  instruction,  are 
carried  along  in  the  general  current.  The  mind  that  has  been  trained  by 
proper  culture,  must,  in  maturer  years,  feel  a  deep  interest  in  whatever 
elevates  the  power  of  perception,  or  enlarges  the  scope  of  intellect.  Such 
minds,  scattered  through  the  community,  cannot  fail  to  exert  an  influence 
on  those  with  whom  they  come  in  contact ;  and  the  spirit  of  inquiry,  and 
the  love  of  contemplation,  thus  awakened  and  extended,  never  slumber. 

Although  mercantile  pursuits  are  not  favorable  to  the  promotion  of 
literature,  science,  or  the  fine  arts,  the  merchants  of  New- York  support, 
more  than  might  reasonably  be  expected,  and  much  more  than  is  generally 
supposed,  institutions  designed  to  disseminate  information,  to  promote 
inquiries  in  science  and  the  arts,  and  to  excite  in  the  public  a  taste  for 
the  sublime  and  beautiful.  Like  all  business  men,  their  principal  aim  is 
the  accumulation  of  property;  but  it  may  well  be  doubted,  whether  any 
other  business  community  in  the  country,  is  stamped  by  a  deeper  literary 
and  scientific  impress. 

A  threefold  division  is  indicated  by  the  title  of  this  chapter.  But,  as 
the  researches  of  literature  often  meet  and  run  parallel  with  the  investiga- 
tions of  science,  it  is  difficult,  in  some  cases,  to  draw  a  nice  distinction. 

Of  the  Literary  Institutions  of  New- York,  we  will  mention  the  most 
important. 

The  New- York  Historical  Society  was  organized  in  1804,  by  a  few 
public  spirited  citizens,  and  the  foundation  of  a  library  soon  after  com- 


LITERATURE,   SCIENCE,   AND  TASTE. 


New-York  Society  Library.   

menced  by  the  purchase  of  a  collection  made  by  one  of  tbe  members.  In 
IS  14,  the  Legislature  granted  free  access  at  all  times  to  the  documents 
and  records  of  the  State,  and  soon  after  contributed  $1*2,000  to  aid  the 
society  in  procuring  books,  manuscripts,  and  other  materials,  to  illustrate 
the  natural,  literary,  civil  and  ecclesiastical  history  of  America.*  Thus 
patronised  by  the  State,  and  aided  by  the  contributions  and  exertions  of 
the  citizens  of  New- York,  the  institution  has  been  able  to  collect  one  of 
the  best  historical  libraries  in  the  country. 

The  ::v.s  of  the  srcietv,  in  :he  University.  Washington  Square,  are 
open  exclusively  to  members  and  strangers  introduced  by  members.  The 
library  at  present  contains  about  twelve  thousand  printed  volumes,  several 
thousand  pamphlets,  two  thousand  maps  and  charts,  and  over  one  thou- 
sand bound  volumes  of  newspapers,  including  a  regular  series  from  the 
first  published  in  the  country,  in  1704,  to  the  present  time.  The  institu- 
tion likewise  possesses  a  valuable  cabinet  of  coins,  medals,  busts,  por- 
traits and  curiosities.  Several  volumes  of  collections  have  been  published 
by  the  society.  The  stated  meetings  are  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  evening 
of  every  month,  with  the  exception  of  July,  August  and  September. 
Hon.  Luther  Bradish,  is  the  president,  *and  George  H.  Moore,  Esq., 
the  librarian. 

The  New- YowL  Society  Libsaet  is  the  oldest  public  library  of  the 
kind  in  the  United  States.  It  originated  in  an  institution,  founded  in 
1700,  during  the  administration  of  the  Earl  of  BeUarnont,  and  denomin- 
ated "  The  Public  Library  of  New- York."  Various  records  occur  on  the 
minutes  of  the  Common  Council  relative  to  this  library;  the  most  import- 
ant of  which  is  the  mention  of  the  bequest  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Millington, 
Rector  of  Newington,  England,  who  gave  1000  volumes  to  "  the  society 
for  the  promotion  of  Christian  knowledge '*  for  the  use  of  the  clergy  and 
gentlemen  of  New- York  and  the  neighboring  provinces,'' 

In  1754,  a  number  of  gentlemen  undertook  to  establish  a  library,  which 
they  designated  "  The  New- York  Society  Library/'  The  old  "  Public 
Library"  having  fallen  into  disuse,  the  trustees  obtained  permission  from 
the  corporation  of  the  city  to  engraft  their  collection  on  the  former.  The 
new  library  was  in  successful  operation,  when  the  war  of  the  Revolution 
arrested  its  progress,  and  scattered  many  of  its  treasures  beyond  the 
reach  of  recovery.  But,  after  the  restoration  of  peace,  it  was  re-estab- 
lished. In  1794,  we  find  the  society  in  possession  of  a  building,  evincing 
much  architectural  taste,  situated  in  Nassau-street,  opposite  the  Middle 
Dutch  church.    Here,  until  the  crowding  demands  of  commerce  drove  it 


♦  Act  of  ;ie  Legislature,  April  IS.  IS14. 


LITERATURE,  SCIENCE,  AND  TASTE. 


129 


Mercantile  Library  Association. 

further  from  her  domains,  the  library  continued  to  dispense  its  benefits, 
and  to  accumulate  gradually  a  collection  now  become  of  inappreciable 
value. 

In  J840,  the  society  entered  upon  a  new  phase  in  its  progress,  by  the 
completion  of  its  present  edifice  on  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Leonard- 
street.  This  building,  100  feet  long,  by  60  wide,  is  constructed  of  finely- 
cut  brown"  sand  stone,  and  presents  on  Broadway  a  chaste  facade  of  Ionic 
columns.  On  passing  the  structure,  the  eye  is  arrested  by  its  bold  and 
massive  front,  while  the  beauty  of  its  proportions,  and  its  highly  finished 
masonry,  elicit  the  approbation  of  good  taste  and  critical  observation.  The 
cost  of  the  ground,  building  and  furniture,  was  $118,000. 

The  society  numbers  over  1000  members,  and  possesses  a  library  of 
about  40,000  volumes.  The  terms  of  membership  require  a  payment  oi 
$25  for  a  share,  liable  to  an  annual  charge  of  six  dollars 

The  Mercantile  Library  Association  is  composed  of  merchants" 
clerks.  It  originated  in  a  meeting  held  at  the  Tontine  Coifee-House,  in 
Wall-street,  November  9,  1S20.  After  occupying  for  some  years  rooms 
in  Fulton- street,  and  afterwards  in  Clilf-street,  the  increasing  prosperity  ot 
the  institution  suggested  the  idea  of  enlarging  its  sphere  of  action.  Many  of 
the  principal  merchants  cordially  responded  to  the  appeals  of  its  members, 
and  the  sum  of  between  thirty  and  forty  thousand  dollars  was  subscribed 
for  tne  accomplishment  of  the  object.*  The  subscribers  organized  them- 
selves as  a  new  association,  and  after  the  erection  of  a  building,  which 
they  denominated  Clinton  Hall,  assumed  the  name  of  the  Clinton  Hall 
Association,  and  entered  into  articles  of  agreement  with  the  Mercantile 
Library  Association  to  grant  them,  under  certain  conditions,  the  free  use 
of  such  apartments  of  the  building  as  were  necessary  for  the  library,  read- 
ing-room, and  the  meetings  and  lectures  of  the  institution 

Since  its  connection  with  the  Clinton  Hall  Association,  the  library  has 
rapidly  increased.  The  present  number  of  volumes  is  thirty  three  thou- 
sand. The  society  consists  of  over  three  thousand  members,  and  its  in- 
come exceeds  §7,000  per  annum,  f  In  addition  to  the  library  and  reading- 
room,  the  association  possesses  a  cabinet,  containing  many  choice  speci- 
mens in  the  various  departments  of  natural  history.  The  privileges  of 
this  institution  are  open  to  clerks  for  a  small  initiation  fee  and  annual 
payment.  Others,  if  approved  by  the  Board  of  Direction,  are  allowed 
the  use  of  the  library  and  reading-room,  at  an  annual  charge  of  five 
dollars.^ 

*  Gourlie's  Address. 

f  Twenty-seventh  Ann.  Rep.  of  Board  of  Dir.  of  Mer.  Lib.  Assoc. 
iConstit.  of  Mer.  Lib.  Assoc.  as  amended  Jan.  1347. 
6* 


130 


LITERATURE,  SCIENCE,  AND  TASTE. 


Soc.  of  Mec's  and  Tradesmen.— Am.  Institute.— Mec's  Institute. 

The  General  Society  of  Mechanics  and  Tradesmen,  established  in 
1790,  occupy  the  building  No.  32  Crosby-street,  containing  the  male  and 
female  schools  of  the  society,  the  "  Apprentices  Library,"  and  a  spacious 
lecture  room.  The  library  was  established  in  1820,  for  the  benefit  of  ap- 
prentice-, who,  on  certain  conditions,  are  allowed  the  gratuitous  use  of 
books.  The  number  of  volumes  now  exceeds  15,000.  The  entrance  to 
the  lecture  room,  called  "  Mechanics'  Hall,"  and  to  the  female  school,  is 
No.  472  Broadway,  while  the  entrance  to  the  library  and  the  male  school 
is  from  Crosby-street. 


T\e  Scientific  Institutions  of  New- York  are  numerous. 

The  American  Institute  of  the  City  of  New- York  was  incorpo- 
rated May  2,  IS29,  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  and  promoting  do- 
mestic industry  in  agriculture,  commerce,  manufactures  and  the  arts.*  It 
has  held  twenty-one  annual  fairs,  at  which  numerous  varieties  of  choice 
productions,  in  every  department  of  art  and  agriculture,  have  been  ex- 
hibited, and  large  amounts  bestowed  in  awards  to  successful  competitors. 
The  Institute  possesses  a  library,  containing  7000  volumes  and  most  ot 
the  important  periodicals  of  Europe  and  America,  which  is  open  to  the 
public  free  of  charge.  Under  its  auspices,  the  meetings  of  the  Farmers' 
Club  are  held  twice  in  each  month,  the  object  of  which  is  the  discussion 
of  important  questions  connected  with  agricultural  pursuits,  and  to  which 
the  public  are  allowed  gratuitous  admission. f 

The  Institute  has  recently  purchased  the  brown  stone  front  building, 
No.  351  Broadway,  where  are  now  located  its  repository  for  models  and 
inventions,  and  its  lecture,  library,  and  reading  rooms.  The  fair  is  held 
at  Castle  Garden  in  'he  autumn  of  each  year. 

The  Mechanics'  Institute  of  the  CrTV  of  New- York,  at  present 
located  in  the  basement  rooms  of  the  City  Hall,  was  incorporated  April 
24,1833.  Its  object  is  the  diffusion  of  useful  knowledge,  by  the  found- 
ing of  a  library  and  museum,  and  the  establishment  of  annual  courses  of 
lectures  on  various  subjects  connected  with  the  physical  sciences,  and  day 
and  evening  schools  and  classes  for  the  instruction  of  youths  of  both  sexes.} 

The  library  contains  about  three  thousand  volumes.    A  large  collection 

*  Charter  of  Am.  Inst.  ~~ 
t  Memorial  of  \m.  Inst,  to  Log.  of  N.  Y..pul>M  1316. 
j  Charter  of  flic  Mechanics'  Institute  of  City  of  N.  Y. 


LITERATURE,  SCIENCE,  AND  TASTE. 


131 


Lyceum  of  Natural  History.— Ethnological  Society. 

of  minerals,  many  useful  and  interesting  models  of  machinery,  and 
suitable  apparatus  for  instruction,  are  also  the  property  of  the  institution. 
Its  schools  are  located  at  No.  105  Bowery.  The  number  of  pupils  in 
the  schools  is  about  three  hundred,  who  are  instructed  in  all  the  English 
branches  of  education  and  the  classics,  as  well  as  the  ornamental  branches 
of  painting,  drawing  and  music.  Any  respectable  person  in  the  com- 
munity, by  the  payment  of  an  initiation  fee  of  one  dollar,  and  an  annual 
charge  of  two  dollars,  may  become  a  member  of  the  institution.  He  is 
then  entitled  to  the  free  use  of  the  library  and  reading  room,  tickets  for 
himself  and  family  to  all  lectures  and  exhibitions,  and  discounts  in  the 
charges  of  the  schools  and  classes.  A  payment  of  twenty-five  dollars 
constitutes  a  life-member. 

The  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  in  the  City  of  New-York,  located 
in  the  Medical  College  of  the  University,  No.  659  Broadway,  was  incor- 
porated April  20,  ISIS,  for  promoting  the  progress  of  those  departments 
of  science  indicated  by  its  title,*  and  has  steadily  pursued  its  objects  with 
success.  It  possesses  a  large  library  and  extensive  collections.  The  ani- 
mals, birds,  fishes,  reptiles,  minerals,  shells  and  fossils,  many  of  which 
are  rare  and  to  be  found  in  no  other  collection,  are  arranged  for  gratuitous 
exhibition.  Four  volumes  descriptive  of  new  discoveries  have  been  pub- 
lished. The  society  is  in  correspondence  with  similar  societies  in  Europe 
and  Asia,  and  exchanges  with  them,  and  others,  its  publications;  by  which 
means  the  library  possesses  several  works  not  otherwise  attainable.  Its 
objects  are  the  diffusion  of  a  knowledge  of  Zoology,  Botany,  Mineralogy, 
Geology,  Conchology  and  Paleontology.  The  meetings  are  held  every  Mon- 
day evening,  and  are  open  to  the  public. 

The  New- York  Ethnological  Society  was  founded  November  14, 
1842,  since  which  time  its  meetings  have  been  held,  generally  at  intervals 
of  a  fortnight,  during  the  winter  months  of  each  year.  Its  constitution 
was  adopted  December  7,  1844.  The  objects  of  the  society  comprise  in- 
quiries into  the  origin,  progress,  and  characteristics  of  the  various  races 
of  men.f  Two  volumes  of"  Transactions,"  consisting  chiefly  of  papers, 
relating  to  the  aboriginal  history  of  America,  have  been  published.  The 
society  possesses  a  small  library  and  collection  of  antiquities,  presented  by 
members  of  the  society  and  others  at  home  and  abroad.  Rev.  Edward 
Robinson,  D.  D.,  is  the  President. 


*  Charter  of  Lvc.  of  Nat.  Hist,  in  City  of  N.  Y. 
f  Constit.  of  N.  Y.  Ethnol.  Soc. 


LITER  AT  JRE,  SCIENCE,  AND  TASTE. 


132 

^I^^Dcsign.^  American  ArtU^^5^  of  the  Fine  Arts. 

*  The  pTiH^a^sxiTUTioNS  of  the  Fine  Akts  are  three  in  number. 

Thf  National  Academy  of  Design,  located  at  663  Broadway,  op- 
posite  Bond-street  was  instituted  January  19,  1S26.  Its  ac  of  in- 
corporatiou  was  received  April  -5,  1823.  It  was  founded,  and  is  exclu- 
sively governed,  by  professional  artists.  Its  objects  are  the  cultivation  of  a 
taste  for  the  arts  of  design  by  an  annual  display  of  the  works  of  living 
artists,  and  the  promotion  of  the  interests  of  the  professional  artist,  by 
the  establishment  of  a  legitimate  school  of  design,*  to  the  support  of 
which,  and  the  increase  of  its  library,  the  receipts  annually  arising  from 
the  exhibition,  are  appropriated.  Its  collection  of  models  from  the  An- 
tique  is  the  most  complete  in  the  country,  and  annually  affords  the  means 
of  academic  study  to  nearly  fifty  students.  Its  Life  School  likewise  offers 
most  ample  facilities  to  the  student.  The  Academy  has  doubtless  greatly 
contributed  to  the  formation  of  the  taste  of  our  present  race  of  artists. 

The  American  Art-Union  was  incorporated  for  the  promotion  of  the 
fine  arts  May  7,  1840.  The  original  name  was  "The  Apollo  Associa- 
tion," which  was  changed,  by  legislative  enactment,  on  the  20th  of 
January,  1844,  to  its  present  title.  The  affairs  of  this  institution  are 
conducted  by  a  committee  of  twenty-one  persons,  chosen  annually  by  the 
members,  who  receive  no  compensation  for  their  services. |  Every  sub- 
scriber of  five  dollars  is  a  member  of  the  Art-Union  for  the  year.  The 
funds  are  devoted  to  the  execution  of  costly  engravings,  and  the  purchase 
of  valuable  works  of  art,  which,  after  being  exhibited  at  a  picture  gallery 
belonging  to  the  institution,  No.  497  Broadway,  are  distributed  among  the 
members.^  The  gallery  of  the  Art-Union  is  free  and  open  to  all,  and  this 
constitutes  one  of  its  noblest  features.  It  is  confidently  believed  that  in 
no  other  city  is  there  a  gallery  so  large,  and  containing  among  its  works 
so  many  beautiful  and  costly  paintings,  where  the  humblest  citizen  is  not 
debarred  from  entrance,  either  by  fee  or  forced  gratuity,  or  compelled  to 
resort  to  menial  application  to  some  noble  director  or  titled  patron  for 
admission.  Here,  however,  all  are  welcomed  without  reference  to  caste. 
The  neediest  child  of  labor  and  the  proudest  favorite  of  fortune  stand 
side  by  side.  An  institution,  so  free  in  its  benefits,  cannot  fail  to  exert 
an  elevating  influence  on  the  taste  of  the  community. 

The  New- York  Gallery  of  the  Fine  Arts  was  founded  in  1844, 
for  the  purpose  of  establishing  in  the  city  of  New- York  a  permanent  col- 
lection of  paintings,  statuary,  and  other  works  of  art.§     It  received  its 

*  Congtit.  of  Nat.  Acad,  of  Design, 
f  Charter  and  Constit.  of  Am.  Art-Union, 
t  Bulletin  of  Am.  Art-Union.  Sept.,  1848. 
k  Constit.  of  N.  Y.  Gallery  of  Fine  Arts. 


LITERATURE,   SCIENCE,   AND  TASTE. 
Reviews,  Magazines,  and  Newspapers. 

charter  in  the  following  year.  The  first  act  of, the  association  was  to 
purchase  the  gallery  of  the  late  Luman  Reed,  Esq.  The  institution  now 
possesses  about  one  hundred  valuable  paintings,  mostly  works  of  emi- 
nent American  artists,  with  several  fine  pieces  of  statuary  and  engrav- 
i  The  Gallery  was  formerly  in  the  Rotunda  in  the  Park,  but  it  is 

now  permanently  located  in  the  rooms  of  the  National  Academy  of  De- 
sign, No.  6*63  Broadway,  where  it  will  always  be  open  to  the  subscri- 
bers and  the  public,  except  during  the  months  of  March,  April,  May, 
June,  and  July,  when  the  exhibition  will  close  and  the  rooms  be  occu- 
pied by  the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

In  the  departments  of  literature  and  science,  and,  to  some  extent,  in 
that  of  the  fine  arts,  New-York  is  supplied  with  ably-conducted  journals. 
The  American  (Whig)  and  the  Democratic  Reviews  are  considered  the 
great  exponents  of  the  principles  of  the  two  political  parties  into  which 
our  nation  is  divided.  Hunt's  Merchants'  Magazine  is  the  great  chroni- 
cle of  commercial  events.  The  Knickerbocker  Magazine  is  not  surpass- 
ed as  a  literary  journal.  But  our  limits  will  not  permit  us  to  notice  the 
many  weekly  and  monthly  journals  published  in  this  city,  and  we  shall 
dismiss  the  subject  by  merely  appending  a  list  of  the 

DAILY  PAPERS  OF  NEW-YORK 


Name  of  Paper. 

Publishers. 

Loca.tjo>-  of  Offjce. 

Erening  Mirror, 
Evening  Post. 
Merchants'  Day  Book. 
Morning  Courier  &.  New- 
York  Enquirer, 
Morning  Star, 
N.Y  Commerc'l  Advertis'r. 
New-York  Daily  Globe, 
New-York  Express, 
New-York  Herald, 
N.Y.  Journal  of  Commerce, 
New- York  Tribune, 
Sun 

H.  Fuller, 

W.  C  Bryant  &  Co  , 
N.  R.  Stimson, 
James  Watson  Webb, 

Williams,  Brothers. 
Francis  &JohnB.  Hall. 
George  R  Hazewell, 
J.  &  E.  Brooks. 
James  Gordon  Bennett 
Gerard  Hallock, 
Greeley  &  McElrath, 
M.  S.  &  A.  E.  Beach, 

105  Nassau,  cor.  of  Ann-street. 
18  Nassau-street. 
122  1-2  Fulton-street. 
70  Wall-street. 

102  Nassau. cor.  of  Ann-street. 
43  Pine.  cor.  of  William-st. 
162  Nassau-street. 
20  Wall.  cor.  Nassau-street. 
125  Fulton,  cor.  of  Nassau  st. 
91  Wall.  cor.  of  Water-street 
154  Nassau,  cor.  of  Spruce-st 
124  Fulton,  cor.  of  Nassau-st, 

133 


CHAPTER  IX. 


ENTERTAINMENT  AND  AMUSEMENT. 

Many  who  had  not  perused  our  previous  pages,  would  doubtless  expect 
to  find  this  chapter  principally  devoted  to  the  temples  of  the  drama.  But, 
if  in  the  brief  space  allotted  to  this  subject,  we  do  not  succeed  in  con- 
vincing reflecting  minds  that  in  New-York  are  to  be  found  numerous 
sources  of  more  rational  entertainment  than  theatrical  representations,  as 
here  conducted,  we  shall  fall  short  of  our  wishes.  Passing  over  the  literary 
and  scientific  lectures  and  discussions  of  various  associations,  to  which 
allusion  has  already  been  made,  we  shall  briefly  mention  those  places  of 
exhibition  on  which,  without  assuming  the  responsibility  of  pronouncing 
them  devoid  of  every  objectionable  feature,  the  charge  of  immorality  can- 
not rest,  those  objects  of  interest  peculiar  to  a  large  city  which  are  most 
gratifying  to  the  stranger,  and  those  excursions  to  places  in  the  vicinity 
that  are  desiderata  with  those  who  seek  for  purer  air  and  more  refreshing 
scenes  than  a  crowded  metropolis  affords. 

Of  all  institutions  of  the  kind  on  the  continent,  the  American  Museum 
of  New- York  is  the  most  popular.  It  was  founded  in  1810  by  the  late 
John  Scudder,  Esq.,  but  owes  its  high  position  in  public  esteem  to  the 
management  of  its  present  proprietor,  Phineas  T.  Barnum,  Esq.,  who  pur- 
chased the  establishment  in  1842.  The  Museum  was  fitted  up  in  the 
beautiful  marble  edifice,  which  it  now  occupies,  on  the>corner  of  Broad- 
way and  Ann-street,  in  1835.  Peale's  Museum,  established  in  1825, 
and  for  many  years  a  leading  object  of  interest  in  the  city,  has  been  re- 
cently purchased  by  Mr.  Barnum  and  added  to  his  former  collections. 
The  American  Museum  is  now  supplied  with  the  most  novel  curiosities, 
and  numerous  and  valuable  specimens  in  every  department  of  art  and 
natural  history.  A  lecture  roo*i  is  connected  with  the  establishment, 
where  concerts,  philosophical  experiments,  and  a  variety  of  entertain- 
ments, are  given. 

The  Chinese  Museum,  No.  539  Broadway,  containing  a  large  and  valu> 
able  collection  of  Chinese  curiosities,  is  likewise  owned  by  Mr.  Barnum. 


ENTERTAINMENT  AND  AMUSEMENT. 


135 


Exhibitions. — Objects  of  Interest. 

Castle  Garden,  formerly  called  Castle  Clinton,  is  situated  on  a  mound 
of  earth,  in  front  of  ihe  Battery,  from  which  it  is  approached  by  a  bridge 
It  was  erected  by  the  general  government  in  1807,  but,  after  the  estab 
lishment  of  more  efficient  defences  in  the  harbor,  was  ceded,  in  1S22,  to 
the  city.  Two  years  after,  it  was  leased  to  private  individuals,  and  con- 
verted into  a  place  of  amusement.  Exhibitions  of  fireworks,  concerts,  and 
other  entertainments,  are  frequently  given,  but  the  promenade  is  constantly 
open  to  visitors,  who  pay  a  small  charge  for  refreshments. 

Exhibitions  of  Paintings  are  numerous  in  New- York.  The  gallery 
of  the  American  Art-Union,*  and  the  New- York  Gallery  of  the  Fine 
Arts,f  are  open  throughout  the  year.  The  exhibition  of  the  National 
Academy  of  De^ignJ  is  continued  during  about  three  months  in  the  spring 
and  early  summer.  The  Lyceum  Gallery,  at  No.  563  Broadway,  con- 
taining original  paintings  of  the  old  masters,  and  the  gallery  of  Gonpil, 
Vibertfe  Co.,  at  No.  42S9  Broadway,  containing  works  of  European  art, 
are  worthy  of  attention. 

The  Fair  of  the  American  Institute§  occupies  several  weeks  in  the  au- 
tumn. The  repository  of  the  Institute,  and  the  collections  of  the  Lyceum 
of  Natural  History||  and  other  scientific  associations,  are  open  to  the 
public.  Visitors  are  likewise  gratuitously  admitted  to  the  Institutions  for 
the  BlindU  and  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,**  and  the  various  Orphan  Asylums,  ft 
The  two  former  institutions  give  public  exhibitions  of  the  attainments  of 
the  pupils  during  the  anniversary  week,  in  the  month  of  May  of  each 
year. 

In  addition  to  the  stated  places  of  entertainment  and  amusement,  tran- 
sient exhibitions  and  concerts  are  continually  given.  All  the  great  artistes 
of  Europe  make  their  first  appearance  in  America  before  a  New- York 
audience.  The  most  greedy  votary  of  amusement  can  ordinarily  find,  in 
the  columns  of  the  daily  papers,  a  sufficient  number  of  announcements 
to  furnish  him  the  means  of  a  selection  suited  to  his  tastes. 

But  the  seeker  after  novelty  is  not  confined  to  the  halls  of  amusement. 
The  stranger  will  pause  to  survey  the  beautiful  specimens  of  architecture 
that  often  meet  his  gaze.  The  lofty  spires  of  Trinity  and  St.  PauPs,JJ  the 
classic  beauty  of  the  City  Hall,§§  the  symmetry  of  the  Custom  House, |||J 
the  massive  grandeur  of  the  Merchants'  Exchange,1Tir  will  alike  command 
his  admiration.  But  the  external  view  of  the  temples  of  the  money 
changers  will  not  satisfy  him ;  he  will  cross  the  thresholds  to  witness  the 
FCenes  acted  in  these  enclosures  of  costly  magnificence. 

"*  Vide  p.  132,  ante,    f  P.  132.    J  P.  132.    §  P.  130.    ||  P.  131. 

IT  Vide  p.  112.    For  admission  into  this  institution,  it  is  necessary  to  present  tick 
ets.  *Aiiich  can  be  gratuitously  procured  of  any  of  the  managers. 
**  Vide  p,  110.    ft  Pp.  114,115.   \\  Pp.  95,  96.       P,  47.    i  P.  74.    W  P.  72. 


136 


ENTERTAINMENT   AND  AMUSEMENT. 


Environs  of  New-York. 


The  forests  of  shipping  on  both  the  rivers  will  not  escape  his  attention. 
The  ocean  steamers,  and  those  aquatic  palaces  that  float  on  our  own 
waters,  will  convince  him  of  the  high  attainments  of  the  present  age  in 
naval  architecture;  and  he  will  desire  to  visit  the  ship-yards,  and  those 
establishments,  fir  more  extensive  than  the  forges  of  Vulcan,  where  iron 
becomes  obedient  to  the  will  of  man,  and  is  transformed  into  the  pro- 
pelling power  of  these  immense  vehicles  of  travel. 

In  fine,  whether  he  wander  along  the  docks,  or  perambulate  the  streets ; 
whether  he  attend  the  tribunals  of  justice,*  or  visit  the  inmates  of  "  the 
Tombs  ;"f  whether  he  inspect  the  interior  arrangements  of  the  gas 
works,!  or  stand  enchanted  before  the  gushing  waters  of  the  fountains  ;§ 
whether  he  stroll  through  the  public  promenades,  ||  or  view  from  the  Bat- 
teryll  the  expansive  bay,  with  its  picturesque  shores  and  islands ;  he  can- 
not fail  to  discover  objects  that  fill  him  with  wonder  and  delight. 

But  these  scenes  are  comparatively  devoid  of  interest  to  the  citizen.  He 
will  seek  those  attractions  that  lie  beyond  the  crowded  city. 

The  upper  portion  of  the  island  furnishes  a  field  for  many  pleasing 
excursions.  The  villages  of  Harlem,  Bloomingdale  and  Manhattanville, 
the  Croton  reservoirs,**  and  the  lofty  aqueduct  bridge,  are  often  visited. 
Nor  is  either  river  crossed  in  vain.  The  shores  of  New-Jersey  present  the 
villages  of  Fort  Lee,  Weehawken  and  Hoboken  ;  the  first  distinguished 
for  that  exhibition  of  nature's  grandeur,  "the  palisades;"  the  last,  for  its 
"  Sybil's  Cave"  and  <e  Elysian  Fields;"  while,  to  the  south,  rise  the 
spires  of  Jersey  City  and  the  hills  of  Bergen.  Brooklyn  and  Williamsburg, 
with  the  numerous  villages  of  Long  Island,  are  not  wanting  in  interest. 
The  bights  of  Brooklyn,  and  its  shady  streets,  are  the  scene  of  many  a 
pleasing  ramble;  and  the  Navy  Yard,  with  its  valuable  Lyceum,  the  im- 
provements of  the  Atlantic  Dock  Company,!  f  and  the  Cemeteries  ol 
Greenwood  and  the  Cypress  Hills,Jt  add  to  the  attractions  of  its  vicinity 
But  those  who  take  delight  in  excursions  upon  the  water,  seek  the  pic- 
turesque villages  of  Staten  Island,  and  the  bathing  resorts  of  Coney  Island, 
or  visit  the  fortifications  of  the  harbor,§§  never  cloyed  with  the  beauties 
continually  opening  to  their  view,  as  they  glide  along  the  bosom  of  that 
magnificent  bay,  whose  waters,  under  a  brilliant  sun,  have  been  com- 
pared, by  a  European  traveler,  to  n  waves  of  liquid  gold." 


§  Pp.  31—33.    ||  Pp.  30-34     Y  P.  31 


NEW-YORK— THE  FUTURE. 


M  Westward  the  Star  of  Empire  takes  its  way." 

Berkeley 


FUTURE  GROWTH  OF  NEW-YORK. 


To  penetrate  the  arcana  of  the  future,  is  impossible.  An  estimate,  even, 
of  the  effects  of  known  and  existing  causes,  is  more  or  less  hypothetical. 
But,  although  we  cannot  attain  to  certainty  in  such  speculations,  yet  the 
data  on  which  our  calculations  are  founded,  may  be  of  such  a  character, 
as  to  elevate  them  far  above  the  level  of  mere  conjecture. 

The  principles  that  involve  the  future  increase  of  New- York,  are  com- 
plex. Whenever  the  tide  of  prosperity  sets  toward  a  city  or  a  country, 
each  channel  of  wealth  and  power  becomes  the  uniting  force  of  tributary 
streams,  each,  in  its  turn,  with  its  subordinate  branches,  constituting  a 
principle  of  efficacy  in  the  onward  march.  The  forces  that  have  con- 
tributed to  the  past  progress  of  New- York,  and  the  resources  that  are 
not  yet  fully  developed,  will  impart  efficiency  to  powers  at  present  un- 
appreciated or  unknown.  Wherever  there  are  accumulations  of  men  and 
of  property,  new  channels  of  human  industry  are  continually  opened,  and 
new  methods  of  employing  capital  to  advantage  are  devised  But,  as  an 
approximation  of  the  value  of  principles  which  have  not  been  tested  by 
experience,  is  impossible,  and  as  their  very  existence  is  affected  by  con- 
tingencies which  come  not  within  the  bounds  of  human  foresight,  it  is 
prudent  to  discard  all  consideration  of  them  in  calculations  like  the 
present.  When,  too,  the  subjects  of  inquiry  have  been  the  objects  of  ob- 
servation and  experience,  the  estimates  founded  upon  such  researches, 
cannot  be  denounced  as  extravagant.  In  the  past,  then,  are  we  to  look 
for  the  elements  of  the  future  growth  of  this  metropolis. 

The  prosperity  of  New- York  is  to  be  traced  to  commercial  interests. 
Foreign  commerce  furnished  the  original,  and,  for  a  long  period,  the 
principal  employment  of  its  inhabitants.  The  salubrity  of  its  climate,  its 
relative  position,  the  superiority  of  its  water  communications,  the  excel- 
lence of  its  harbor,  alike  rendered  it  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  purposes 
of  trade.  But,  to  become  the  emporium  of  the  continent,  it  was  neces- 
sary that  domestic  commerce  should  be  associated  with  foreign  traffic.  Th* 
improvements  of  art  were  added  to  the  gifts  of  nature.    The  system  of 


140 


FUTURE  GROWTH  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Numerical  Estimates. 

canal -navigation  was  devised,  and  channels  of  communication  opened 
into  the  heart  of  the  continent :  and  now  the  invention  of  railroads  is 
bringing  New- York  into  direct  connection  with  every  part  of  the  land. 
The  influence  of  these,  and  of  other  new  facilities,  has  not  yet  been  fully 
experienced.  They  are  adduced,  not  as  elements  of  prosperity  to  enter 
into  our  estimate,  but  as  the  proof  that  the  commercial  interests  of  New- 
York  are,  by  no  means,  on  the  decline,  and  that  its  past  progress  may  be 
safely  regarded  as  a  measure  of  its  future  increase. 

In  all  comparisons  of  the  present  condition  of  New-York  with  the  past, 
it  has  been  usual  to  limit  the  survey  to  the  period  since  1790,  the  country 
not  having  assumed  a  settled  state  until  the  adoption  of  the  federal  consti- 
tution. By  reference  to  a  former  part  of  this  work,  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  rate  of  increase  in  the  population  of  New- York  from  1790  to  1800  was 
S.25  per  cent.  ;  from  1800  to  1810,  5.93  per  cent.  ;  to  1820,  2.83  per  cent.; 
to  1830, 6.37  per  cent. ;  to  1840,  5.44  per  cent. ;  and  to  1S45,  3.73  per  cent. 
The  average  is  5.42  per  cent.,  according  to  which  the  population  would 
double  in  about  eighteen  years.  By  this  calculation,  the  number  of  in- 
habitants in  1S63  will  be  742,446  ;  in  1881,  1,484,892  ;  and,  if  circum- 
stances would  allow  us  to  continue  the  calculation  for  another  period  of 
eighteen  years,  in  1899,  2,969,784.  But  the  island  will  not  furnish  ade- 
quate room  for  two  millions  of  inhabitants  ;  and,  unless  the  adjacent 
places  be  annexed  to  the  city,  its  growth  must  forever  cease  before  reach- 
ing that  number.  It  may,  however,  from  the  peculiar  position  of  New- 
York,  be  highly  proper,  in  considerations  of  this  character,  to  regard  the 
vicinity  as  a  portion  of  the  city.  If  we  take  this  view  of  the  case,  we 
shall  find  that  the  population  has  increased  at  a  faster  rate  than  would 
appear  from  the  above  calculations.  Brooklyn  and  the  neighboring 
places  contain  100,000  inhabitants,  nearly  all  of  which  are  the  accessions 
of  the  last  twenty  years. 

No  one  can  be  so  visionary  as  to  suppose  that  the  present  rate  of  in- 
crease can  continue  for  a  long  period.  Should  there  be  no  decline  in  that 
rapidity  of  progress  which  New-York  has  maintained  for  sixty  years,  its 
inhabitants  would,  at  the  end  of  two  centuries,  exceed  in  number  the 
present  population  of  the  globe.  The  metropolis,  though  operated  upon, 
in  some  measure,  by  independent  influences,  will  s'.are  the  fortunes  of  the 
country.  The  extent  and  importance  of  the  territory  to  which  its  com- 
merce is  tributary,  must  be  a  measure  of  its  own  magnitude.  Immigra- 
tion, the  great  cause  of  the  growth  of  the  country,  must  decrease,  when 
the  surplus  population  of  other  lands  have  reached  our  shores.  A  portion 
of  our  present  and  future  population,  will  seek  the  regions  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  large  cities  will  doubtless  spring  into  existence  on 


FUTURE  GROWTH  OF  NEW-YORK. 


141 


Numerical  Estimates. 

the  Pacific  coast.  The  natural  increase  of  population,  and  the  accessions 
from  abroad,  cannot  long  supply  New- York  with  the  elements  of  a  growth 
proportioned  to  that  of  the  past.  All  will  admit  that  soon  the  rate  of  in- 
crease must  diminish.  The  only  question  is,  when  will  this  decline  com- 
mence. 

In  our  former  estimate,  we  have  supposed  the  city  to,  continue  in  the 
present  current  of  prosperity  lor  thirty-six  years.  To  be  still  more  mo- 
derate in  our  calculations,  we  will  allow  an  immediate  gradual  decline  in 
the  ratio.  Assuming  the  population  at  the  next  census  (1850)  to  be 
440,455,  which  would  be  the  result  of  the  rate  of  increase  of  the  previous 
five  years,  we  will  suppose  a  decline,  from  that  date,  in  the  average  an- 
nual rate  of  increase,  of  one  half  of  one  per  cent,  every  ten  years.  By  this 
estimate,  the  population  in  1860  would  amount  to  657,161  ;  in  1870,  to 
947,631  ;  in  18S0,  to  1,319,105 ;  in  1890,  to  1,770,239  ;  and  in  1900,  to 
2,287,157.  All  consideration  of  the  growth  of  the  adjacent  places,  is 
here  discarded.  By  either  estimate,  New- York  and  its  vicinity,  at  the 
close  of  the  nineteenth  century,  will  contain  nearly  three  millions  of  souls. 

In  these  speculations,  we  have  not  considered  the  possibility  of  any  re- 
verse, consequent  upon  unforeseen  circumstances,  in  the  fortunes  of  New- 
York.  Cities,  as  well  as  empires,  after  a  successful  rise  and  a  period  of 
glory,  are  destroyed  by  some  convulsion,  or  gradually  sink  to  decay.  We 
have  therefore  confined  our  estimates  to  a  period  within  which  New-York 
seems  as  free  from  such  dangers  as  human  foresight  can  conceive.  If 
her  foreign  commerce  should  be  crippled  or  destroyed  by  war,  her  internal 
trade  and  other  resources  would  be  means  of  preservation  and  prosperity. 
If  the  ravages  of  pestilence  or  of  fire  should  desolate  her  borders,  new 
population  and  capital  would  at  once  cover  the  breach.  If  civil  commo- 
tions should  rend  the  great  American  confederacy  into  separate  republics, 
she  is  too  powerful  to  fear  dissolution  in  the  conflict,  and  would  still  be 
the  great  metropolis  of  the  continent.  And  she  is  too  near  the  infancy  of 
her  growth,  to  experience,  within  the  period  of  our  estimates,  the  decline 
common  to  all  cities  and  nations.  Whatever  may  be  her  lot  in  future 
ages,  New- York  is  doubtless  destined  to  become  the  commercial  emporium 
of  the  world. 


